1. Prologue
2. Mars Planet: Basics
3. Mars: Past missions
4. MoM (ISRO) vs MAVEN (NASA)
   1. MoM’s Launch Vehicle
   2. MoM @Mars
   3. Payloads and purpose?
5. Do we need Mars Mission?
   1. Anti-Arguments
   2. Pro-arguments
      1. #1: cash will be recovered
      2. #2: Soft Power
      3. #3: Did not steal from poor’s month
      4. #4: Making History
      5. #5: Misc.
6. Mock Questions
7. Correct Answers for the MCQs

Prologue

• Old article, just updating a few bits after Mangalyaan reached Mars in September 2014.
• There is no dearth of ball by ball commentary and technical articles in newspaper, but for the exam focus should be on: basics, purpose, pros and cons.
• Otherwise September seems to be the busiest and tiresome month of 2014 for competitive aspirants- Modi Government launching a new scheme-committee-initiative every day, SC giving a new landmark verdict every day, newspapers are littered with columns on foreign relations, Ebola, Mars, ISIS, J&K floods, Scotland and what not.

Mars Planet: Basics

• Has two moons: Phobos and Deimos
• 4^th planet from Sun
• 2^nd smallest planet in the Solar system after Mercury.
• Diameter: ~6800 kms (Mars); Earth (~12700 kms)
• Volume wise, ~8 Mars would fit inside our Earth.
• One Martian day: 24 hours 37 minutes
• One Martian year: 687 days
• Mars is also tilted on its axis (25 degrees).
• Mars gravity 1/10^th of Earth.
• When Sun and Mars are in opposite direction, it can be easily observed from Earth.

How far is Mars from Earth?

shortest	farthest
56 million kms	400 million kms, when both are on opposite sides of solar system.

Mars: Past missions

List is not exhaustive

Success	#EPICFAILS
USSR Mars orbiter (70s)	USSR: Korabl series, Mars 1969 series, Phobos Grunt
USA  / NASA Marine series (~mid 60s) Viking series (mid 70s) Pathfinder (~mid 90s) Rovers: Spirt, Opportunity (2003) Phoenix (2007) Curiosity (2011) Maven (2013-14)	USA  Mariner series before mid-60s
European Space Agency (2003) Beagal lender (although images lost)	Japan’s Nozomi- failed to enter Mars orbit (1998-2003)
ISRO’s Mars Orbitor Mission (2013-14)

MoM (ISRO) vs MAVEN (NASA)

ISRO’s MoM	NASA’s Maven
Mars Orbitor Mission	Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission (MAVEN)
launch vehicle=PSLV	Atlas V rockets. (more powerful than PSLV)
launched on 5th Nov 2013	18th Nov 2013
reached Mars on 24th Sep 2014	Reached Mars on 21st Sep 2014.
launched from Sriharikota, Andhra	launched from Cape Canaveral in Florida, US.
Rs.450 crore	$671 million
~1,350 kg	??
Doing three studies: Surface/geology: using camera and spectrometer. (Particle) Environment: using MENCA Atmosphere: using Photometer and Methane sensor	Only study Martian (upper) atmosphere. based on that data: It’ll give clues about martian climate, geologic, and geochemical conditions over time Will find the answer: Did Mars ever had suitable environment to support life?
has five instruments/payloads	has eight instrument- spectrograph, magnetometer, ion analyzer etc.
–	The spacecraft may also provide communications relay support for future Mars landers and rovers.

MoM’s Launch Vehicle

PSLV	GSLV
Polar satellite launch vehicle	Geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle
Can carry upto 1600 kg satellite	2500kg

ISRO had used PSLV XL (C25) launch vehicle to launch the Mangalyaan (Mars spacecraft). Why?

1. At that time, GSLV tests were not successful. Last time they tried GSLV to launch GSAT-14 satellite and failed because of fuel leak. (Aug 2013)
2. Mangalyaan weighs ~1300 kg. PSLV can easily carry this weight.
3. PSLV is tried and tested technology.

Factoids

• MoM/Mangalyaan: first Indian spacecraft to cross Earth’s escape velocity of 11.2 km per second.
• Mangalyaan traveled for ~300 days, covering ~65 crore kilometers, and reached Martian orbit in September 2014.
• Mangalyan is not the fastest spacecraft to reach Mars. Others are far ahead of It, in terms of speed. For example- European Space Agency’s Mars mission (2003) reached Mars in  ~210 days.
• MoM cost 7 rupees per kms to reach Mars.

MoM @Mars

• Nov 2013: MoM Launched from Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh
• Sep 2014: MoM reached Mars orbit

MoM in Mars Orbit

Periapsis: nearest point	~420 kms
Apoapsis: farthest point	~77,000 kms
time to finish one circle of Mars	~73 hours / ~ 3 days.
Orbit inclination	150 degrees

Payloads and purpose?

Q. What is the purpose of sending MoM?

Ans.  To find out composition of Mar’s SAM (Surface – Atmosphere – Minerals), using five payloads/instruments:

Study Mars	Payload	detail
Surface	1.Color Camera	Mars Color camera. Study surface, dust storms etc. Take photos of Mar’s satellites: Phobos and Deimos.
Atmosphere	2.MENCA Gandhi	Mars Exospheric Neutral Composition Analyzer. To study neutral gas atoms in the Martian atmosphere.
	3.Methane Sensor	Methane Sensor for Mars (MSM). If methane + water detected=possible that at some point of time, Mars had supported life form.
	4.Photometer	Lyman Alpha Photometer (LAP). To Measure hydrogen and deuterium. Deuterium = heavier than hydrogen.Water made from heavy hydrogen is heavier and hence it evaporates differently. Knowing Hydrogen : Deuterium ratio will help  answer how did water vanish from Mars?
Minerals	5.Spectrometer	Thermal Infrared Imaging spectrometer (TIS). To study mineral resources of Mars And to help UPSC update its Mains GS1 syllabus: Distribution of key natural resources across the Earth AND Mars.

ISTRAC

• ISRO Telemetry, Tracking & Command Network @Banglore.
• Previously tracked and commanded Chandrayaan-1
• Now doing the same for Mars orbiter.

Do we need Mars Mission?

(For Group Discussion GD/Interview)

Anti-Arguments

1. Crores of rupee wasted- could be used to feed millions of hungry people in India. Millions of children suffering from malnutrition, half the junta doesn’t have toilets- Modi himself highlighting this issue in his every speech.
2. Better get those thousands of ISRO scientists and engineers to comeup with new technology to fix malnutrition and malnutrition.
3. ISRO’s budget is better spent to meet India’s communication needs and bring down digital divide.
4. Even Airtel has sued ISRO for not meeting its contract obligations. So, ISRO better focus on present rather than doing some mars research whose benefits can materialize may be after 100-200 years.
5. ISRO has installed a fancy methane detector in this spacecraft. But NASA’s curiosity rover data has already concluded that Mars environment doesn’t contain methane. ISRO is only doing gaddha majoori (donkey labour). Counter argument: NASA’s Curiosity rover measured presence of methane in a small area. But ISRO will scan entire Martian environment to detect Methane.
6. GSLV testing has not giving positive result yet. Had they waited for GSLV testing to finish- Mars Mission could be done in 2016. (Even Chandrayan-2 project is stalled due to this GSLV problem). But  it seems ISRO chairman wants media publicity before retiring, so made he all the haste to launch Mars Mission in 2013 using PSLV (instead of GSLV).
7. Less of a scientific pursuit and more of a space race with China- ‘me too’ going on Mars. First India should overtake China in terms of GDP and poverty removal.
8. Britain, Japan, World Bank etc. reduce the donation to India thinking “since India has lot of money of run such Mars adventures, they must have money to take care of their poors as well.”

(To drag the argument further non-seriously)

1. This is just publicity stunt to divert attention from real issues. Earlier Chandryaan found traces of water on Moon, then Aaj-tak etc. Hindi channels ran 24/7 reports for weeks. In the meantime government can go scot free with bigger scams and inflation.
2. And most importantly, the youngsters have to mugup one more stupid topic for the competitive exams. The financial cost of combined man-hours wasted in studying such topics= alone worth 13% of GDP, so much for Demographic dividend.

Pro-arguments

#1: cash will be recovered

At the core of “Anti” arguments= Cash that ISRO has wasted in this Mars project. But in reality it’s an investment that will be recovered within a few decades, How?

1. Many countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America are seeing good economic growth. But they lack skilled manpower, technology and budget to setup their own launch vehicles and premier space agencies.
2. But they too need satellites for communication and military. So, they outsource the satellite launch/survey work to established players.
3. ISRO’s commercial Arm ANTRIX makes annual profit of ~100 crore rupees from such ‘outsourced’ contracts.
4. ISRO spent only 450 crore rupees. NASA has spent billions of dollars on Mars.  This Makes ISRO world-famous as a prudent cost saving space agency= more clients via its commercial arm ANTRIX = more money incoming.

So, we can see this Mars mission as ISRO’s 450 crore rupees advertisement / PR campaign- to impress those potential ‘clients’ and get more contracts=> money will be recovered and profit will be made.

#2: Soft Power

As ISRO establishes reputation, gets more contracts from third world- it can be used as a tool to exercise soft power. How?

give	take
personnel /technology exchange programs with developing countries giving discounts on their space projects/infrastructure	their support for India’s claim to Permanent seat in UNSC their votes in our favour whenever Kashmir/Arunachal issues popup in UN General Assembly Oil-gas exploration contracts in their territory …and so on.

In short, there is more to international relations than what meets the eyes. 450 crore is a very petty amount to accomplish many diplomatic victories- [compared to the thousands of crore rupees we’ve given to Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal and Bhutan via “soft” loans so they don’t shelter terrorists and secessionists on their soil.]

#3: Did not steal from poor’s month

1. Government spends barely ~0.35% of budget on space programs. And even out of that ~0.35% allocation, ISRO spent only 8% on Mars Missions. There are plenty of government schemes with way bigger budgetary allotments for poor people. So it’s not like government stopped/reduced expenditure on some xyz scheme for poors to fund ISRO’s Mars adventure.
2. Agreed, poverty should be removed, and everyone must get food security. But the proposed food security bill will need ~1-2 lakh crores rupees every year.
3. Even If ISRO didn’t spend 450 crores on Mars, the money thus saved- won’t make a big contribution to food security anyways.

#4: Making History

• Until now, only three agencies had succeeded in Mars Mission
  1. European Space Agency (ESA) of European consortium,
  2. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the US
  3. Roscosmos of Russia
  4. And ISRO became the fourth one.
• Even USA, Japan and China failed to reach mars in their first attempt.
• Overall, 51 missions made so far, only 21 have succeeded.
• ISRO’s Mars mission succeeded in its first attempt (that too without coaching), hence it’s a milestone in the history of space explorations.
• Even China has applauded this event as “pride of Asia”.

#5: Misc.

1. Will attract talented desi scientist/engineers to join ISRO. Thus, braindrain will decline.
2. Data gathered from ISRO’s mission, can be used to send manned mission (astronauts) on Mars later, with collaboration of NASA etc.
3. The technology used in this mission has potential application in weather forecast, computer tech, health-medicine etc. in future.
4. Space research is not waste of time. 1999 Odisha cyclone killed >10000 people. But 2013 cyclone Phalin killed very few, because Indian satellite gave accurate weather prediction about where and when the storm would hit. Space research has given immense benefits to Agriculture, education, fisheries and defense. (Counter argument: then send more weather/education satellites- not spacecraft’s to Moon and Mars!)
5. Humanity would not have progressed, if we had not taken such leaps into the unknown. And space is indeed the biggest unknown out there.

Mock Questions

Q1. Mars is larger / higher than Earth in terms of

1. gravity
2. diameter
3. no. of moons
4. days in a year

Correct choices

1. All of them
2. Only 3 and 4
3. Only 1, 3 and 4
4. None of them

Q2. Which of the following missions have failed to reach Mars?

1. Viking
2. Phobos
3. Nozomi

Correct choices

1. Only 1 and 2
2. Only 2 and 3
3. Only 1 and 3
4. All of them

Q3. Why did ISRO’s Mangalyaan or MoM used PSLV instead of GSLV as launch vehicle?

1. PSLV can carry more weight than GSLV
2. PSLV could carry MoM’s weight and had proven track record of success.
3. Both A and B
4. Neither A nor B

Q4. Similarities between ISRO’s MoM and NASA’s MAVEN missions?

1. Both lack Land rovers
2. Both aim to study Martian atmosphere
3. Both were launched and reached Mars in the same months.

Correct statements are

1. Only 1 and 2
2. Only 2 and 3
3. Only 1 and 3
4. All of them

Q5. What’s the purpose of ISRO’s Mars mission?

1. Study its surface
2. study its atmosphere
3. Study its mineral composition

Correct statements are

1. Only 1 and 2
2. Only 2 and 3
3. Only 1 and 3
4. All of them

Q6. Incorrect pairs of ISRO Mars payloads vs. purpose

1. MENCA: Methane and Natural gas
2. Spectrometer: study surface and dust storms
3. Photometer: Study Hydrogen and deuterium

Answer choices

1. Only 1 and 2
2. Only 2 and 3
3. Only 1 and 3
4. None of them

Mains

1. “India, a country faced with plethora of socio-economic problems, should not involve in space race with developed countries.” Do you agree? Justify your stand. 200 words
2. Discuss the importance of ISRO’s MoM Mission as a milestone event in the space exploration programs of India. 200 words.
3. Write an Essay: The hunger of exploration and the thrill of discovery are not for the faint-hearted.

Correct Answers for the MCQs

1. B: only 3 (moons) and 4 (year)
2. B: 2 and 3 phobos and nazomi
3. only B
4. D all correct
5. D study SAM: Surface-atmosphere –minerals
6. A: 1 and 2 wrong. MENCA is for neutral gas, not Natural gas.