1. Mock Questions for UPSC Mains GSM2, 4 & PubAd
  2. Relevance in the Mains Syllabus?
  3. Brainstorming for Keypoints
    1. Introduction: Define | Origin | Data
    2. Transparency of Rules Act (TORA): Salient Features
    3. Compare: TORA vs. Citizen Charter
    4. Compare: TORA vs. RTI
    5. Criticism /Evacuation of proposed TORA
    6. Conclusion
  4. Hindi: Model Answer Framework
    1. рдкрд░рд┐рдЪрдп / Introduction
    2. рдЯреЛрд░рд╛ рдХреЗ рдореБрдЦреНрдп рдкреНрд░рд╛рд╡рдзрд╛рди:
    3. рдпреЗ TORA рдирд╛рдЧрд░рд┐рдХ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░рдкрддреНрд░реЛрдВ (citizen charter) рд╕реЗ рдЕрд▓рдЧ рдХреИрд╕реЗ рд╣реИ?
    4. рдпреЗ TORA рд╕реБрдЪрдирд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░ (RTI) рд╕реЗ рдЕрд▓рдЧ рдХреИрд╕реЗ рд╣реИ ?
    5. рдЖрд▓реЛрдЪрдирд╛ / рдкреНрд░рд╕реНрддрд╛рд╡рд┐рдд рдЯреЛрд░рд╛ рдХрд╛ рдореБрд▓реНрдпрд╛рдВрдХрди
    6. рд╕рд╛рд░ / Conclusion

Mock Questions for UPSC Mains GSM2, 4 & PubAd

Answer the following questions- each in 200 words, 8 minutes, black/blue pen on A4 sized blank page with 1″ margin on each sides.

  1. Examine critically the need for enacting a Transparency of Rules act (TORA) in India, to enhance transparency and accountability in governance.
  2. Compare and contrast the proposed TORA act against Citizen Charters.
  3. Compare and contrast the proposed TORA act against Right to Information act.
  4. “Right to information is incomplete without right to public services, and vice versa.” Elaborate.
  5. Critically examine the feasibility of a Transparency of Rules act (TORA) to bridge the gap between right to information and right to public services.

Relevance in the Mains Syllabus?

  • (GS2) Important aspects of governance; Transparency and accountability (institutional and other measures); Citizens Charter;
  • (GS4 Ethics) Citizens Charters; Quality of Service Delivery; Probity in Governance, concept of public service;
  • (Public Administration Optional) Paper-II, Topic 14: Significant issues in Indian administration – Citizen administration interface.

Brainstorming for Keypoints

Transparency of Rules Act (TORA)

  • This TORA act proposal is given in the latest Economic Survey, Volume-2, Ch. 8, Box.2 on page 225. Free Download Link Hindi | English
  • Citizen Charter: this page of DARPG: Hindi | English. I could have prescribed some book, but most of them have merely copy pasted from above page only.
  • Right to Information Act: India Yearbook 2017 Ch.3 Polity. Hindi | English

Introduction: Define | Origin | Data

  • In their day to day life, ordinary citizens & businesses have to navigate through plethora of rules, regulations, forms and procedures imposed by various tiers of government. While these are published in the official gazettes and websites, but the language and presentation is so cumbersome and fragmented that often a person has to follow a long paper trail of decades of circulars and notifications to know the current requirements to obtain a particular scheme-entitlement or business-approval.
  • This causes lot of inefficiency, delay; and encourages touts, corruption and litigations.
  • Transparency of Rules Act (TORA) aims to solve above conundrum with following mechanisms:

Transparency of Rules Act (TORA): Salient Features

First, All organization have to publish latest rules and regulations in a unified and comprehensible format, in English, Hindi and vernacular languages on their website. Example, UPSC recruitment notification PDF can’t say “for IPS eye sight requirement refer to so and so gazette of Home Ministry or DoPT.” In that notification itself, they’ll have to mention “IPS eyesight requirements are as following:

  1. Distant vision __, near vision ___.
  2. Correction with upto 6.00 D glasses permitted.
  3. Correction with LASIK and other refractive surgeries permitted.
  4. Color Blindness and Squint not permitted.

Once an organization is declared тАЬTORA-complaintтАЭ, any rule that is not explicitly on the website would be deemed not to apply i.e. No Government official can impose / demand compliance with a rule that is not published on the website. e.g.

  1. If HRD ministry’s TORA page says “for scholarship, aadhar card and school marksheet required”, then official can’t insist on school id card as additional proof.
  2. If circular on PT teacher’s minimum qualification says only B.P.Ed, then govt can’t insist on candidate’s height and chest requirement at the time of recruitment.
Ramrahim's Wikipedia page history

Something like this, to ensure the accountability of the officer updating the rules.

Second, Govt. websites will have to mention the date and time whenever new rules are updated. It’ll be similar to wikipedia:- On the frontend user sees an article, but when he clicks on update history, he can also know which rules were changed when and by whom. So, if officials are playing mischief by secretly updating the rules without broader consultation or due process, then aggrieved person can approach higher authorities or courts.

Third, Every time the rules / requirement changes, citizens/businessmen will be given adequate time to comply with that. Example, often in the Government licensing, auctioning, tendering and procurement, the minimum requirements of documents, work-experience, turnover, bank guarantee etc. are kept in such manner, that only those businessman who have paid bribes to the government can comply with it before the last date, because they know such requirements in advance, before it was published in gazette/newspaper! Classic example is 2G scam: Where A. Raja took Rs.3,000 crores bribe to change the last date for application from 1st October 2007 to 25th September, so that some eligible companies couldn’t apply, and the crooked companies will get spectrum at throwaway prices.

Fourth, If there is any error on the TORA page, the department, and not the citizen, must pay for the consequences of any error.

Compare: TORA vs. Citizen Charter

TORA Citizen Charter
Proposed in the Economic Survey 2016-17, Volume-2.
  • Origin in the world: by UK PM John Major (1991)
  • Origin in India: After Chief ministers’ conference at New Delhi (1997)
It’s a public organization’s compulsory declaration in electronic format. It provides the all gazettes, circulars, rules, regulations, resolutions, etc. in the latest, unified, comprehensive format, for ordinary citizens and businesses. It’s a public organization’s voluntary declaration in written format for the public. It usually covers following:

  1. List of activities, public services, fees, time limits.
  2. Opening and closing hours of the office and its particular windows.
  3. Name and contact numbers of the concerned personnel.
  4. Grievance redressal procedure.
Primary objective: Person doesn’t have to wade through decades of gazettes to know the current requirements for obtaining any scheme entitlement, admission, job, tax compliance, business approval, license, permit etc. Primary objective: Client knows where to go, when to go, whom to approach, whom to complaint, for availing a particular public service.
  • Once this law is enacted, it’ll be compulsory for all the government websites to publish such TORA compliant unified notifications.
  • And, subsequently, no person can be asked to comply with any rule which is not mentioned such Government website.
  • As such RTI act requires all the public organizations to┬а publish the information related to their functions and duties, procedures etc.
  • but “Citizen charter” is an voluntary administrative activity. So, if RTI reply or citizen charter said “office opening time is 10:00AM” but if it’s not open at a particular time despite complaining to higher authorities, there is no in-built remedy within the Citizen charter or in RTI.
  • Although, various states have enacted separate laws to enforce the promises made in the citizen charters. E.g Gujarat’s Right to Public Services Act 2013.
  • Similar bill is pending at national level REF: PRSIndia.

Compare: TORA vs. RTI

TORA Right to Information Act
Proposed in the Economic Survey 2016-17, Volume-2. Origin: Enacted in by the parliament of India in 2005.
Primary benefit: Ordinary citizen doesn’t have to waste time and brain in finding what is he required to do, to obtain a particular admission, job, scheme entitlement, license, approval etc. Primary benefit: Since all the administrative actions are open in public domain, the govt. functionaries will think twice before indulging in corruption, nepotism and wrongdoing.
  • Public organization has to upload information on website. So, in that context, TORA is a subset of RTI.
  • But, what makes TORA different is: Notifications have to in simplified and unified format. It’s like turning Arvind Subramanian’s 24 chapter Economic survey into Mrunal’s 6 pillar Economic survey ‘summary’.
  • RTI doesn’t explicitly compell the public authorities to present information in simplified and unified manner.
  • So, if UPSC uploaded 50 files- one for fee, second for minimum age limit, third for minimum education limit, and in forth PDF it simply said approach Disability department to know about PH reservation and so on,тАж. Still it’d comply with RTI act but not with TORA act.
  • It deals only with the rules, notification where you personally want something from government. e.g. “What is the procedure to get a MNREGA job card?”
  • Here, Department will not be required to upload who got the job cards in past or who was rejected on what ground? How many mandays of work conducted in particular district Etc.
The span of RTI span is broader than TORA, because here I can even ask:

  1. What is the procedure to get a MNREGA job card?
  2. List of beneficiaries in __ village. How many of them SC/ST/Women?
  3. List of developmental works done in the previous financial year. And so forth.
  • Compulsorily upload online.
  • Under the Digital India mission, as such the government is encouring digitaization┬а of all processes. Therefore, TORA is unlikely to create additional fiscal burden.
  • Public organizations have to proactively disseminate information- in noticeboard, newspaper, online. (but not compulsorily upload online.)
Information will available online for free. Unless you’re a BPL, you’ve to pay fees to available information under the RTI Act.
Economic survey has not mentioned such things. There are two possibilities:

  1. Separate statutory body to enforce TORA.
  2. No statutory body will be setup. As and when there is violation, you can approach ordinary courts.
Under the RTI Act, public organizations have to designate Public information Officers (PIOs), First Appellate Authorities (FAA); and there are┬а Information Commissioners at state and union levels with statutory powers of a civil court.

Criticism /Evacuation of proposed TORA

  1. As such, RTI act requires the public authorities to proactively disclose the information pertaining to their functions. So, instead of enacting a separate TORA act, it’ll be better to amend the RTI act to specifically require the public authorities to provide the list of requirements in latest, unified and simplified language, pertaning various jobs, admission, license, permits etc. on their website.
  2. After reading the requirements on a TORA compliant webpage, you submit the documents accordingly, but still if you’re denied a particular public service, license, permit etc. despite complainting to the griveance redressal authorities mentioned in organization’s citizen charter, then there is no remedy within TORA or Citizen charter or RTI.
  3. Right to public service and right to information have reciprocal relatiation with each other. So, instead of creating TORA as a bridge, it might be worth exploring to keep RTI embedded with TORA on one side, and Right to public service act with Citizen Charter embedded on the other side.

Even more points can be devised to compare and contrast, critically examine etc. but this much content is sufficient. You can compress it to fill any variety of 200 words answer.

Conclusion

Rather than nitpicking over summary type or finding type conclusion, better we simply conclude with a positive note, by linking the topic with SDG.

  • Sustainable development Goal (#16) requires the nations to provide access to justice and public sevices to all, and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at the all levels of government.
  • Although, we already have established citizen charters (1997) and enacted right to information act (2005), but the fragmented nature of rules and notifications harmper ordinary citizens and businesses from fully benefiting from either of them.
  • Indeed, the enactment and implementation of TORA will greatly help in filling up this deficit. [or criticism point number3, if there is a question like that.]

Hindi: Model Answer Framework

First, read the English description given above, to understand the topic with illustrations and examples.

рдкрд░рд┐рдЪрдп / Introduction

  • рднрд╛рд░рддрдореЗрдВ рд╕реБрдЪрдирд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░ рдХрд╛рдиреВрди рдХреЗ рд▓рд╛рдЧреВ рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд╡рдЬреВрдж, рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рдиреНрдп рдирд╛рдЧрд░рд┐рдХ рд╡реН рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╕рд╛рдпрд┐рдХреЛ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП, рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рднрд┐рдиреНрди рд╕реНрддрд░реЛрдВ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рд▓рд╛рдЧреВ рдХрд┐рдП рдЧрдпреЗ рдирд┐рдпрдореЛ, рд╡рд┐рдирд┐рдордпреЛ, рдкреНрд░рд╛рд░реВрдк, рддрдерд╛ рдкреНрд░рдХреНрд░рд┐рдпрд╛рдУ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ рдЖрд╕рд╛рдиреА рд╕реЗ рд╕рдордЬрдирд╛ рдпрд╛ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрд╡рд╛рд╣реА рдХрд░рдирд╛ рд╕рдВрднрд╡ рдирд╣реА.
  • рдпрджрд┐ рдЖрдк рдХрд┐рд╕реА рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдерд╛рди рдореЗрдВ рджрд╛рдЦрд┐рд▓рд╛ рдпрд╛ рдиреЛрдХрд░реА рдЪрд╛рд╣рддреЗ рд╣реИ, рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдХрд╛рд░реНрдп рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд▓рд╛рдпрд╕рдиреНрд╕, рдкрд░рдорд┐рдЯ рдпрд╛ рдЕрдиреБрдорддрд┐ рд▓реЗрдиреА рд╣реИ, рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдЯреЗрдВрдбрд░ рдореЗрдВ рдЕрд░реНрдЬреА рдбрд╛рд▓рдиреА рд╣реИ рдпрд╛ рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░реА рдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛ рдХрд╛ рд▓рд╛рдн рд▓реЗрдирд╛ рд╣реИ рд╡рдЧреЗрд░рд╛, рддреЛ рдЙрд╕ рд╣реЗрддреБ рдиреНрдпреВрдирддрдо рдкрд╛рддреНрд░рддрд╛ рдХреНрдпрд╛ рд╣реИ, рдХреЛрди рдХреЛрди рд╕реЗ рджрд╕реНрддрд╛рд╡реЗрдЬреЛ рдХреА рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдХрддрд╛ рд╣реЛрдЧреА рдЗрддреНрдпрд╛рджрд┐ ┬ардореБрд▓рднреБрдд рдкреНрд░рд╛рд╡рдзрд╛рдиреЛ рдХреЛ рд╕рдордЬрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рднреА, рдирд╛рдЧрд░рд┐рдХрдиреЗ рджрд╢рдХреЛ рдХреЗ рд░рд╛рдЬрдкрддреНрд░реЛрдореЗрдВ рдмрд┐рдЦрд░реЗ рд╣реБрдП рдирд┐рдпрдореЛ рдХрд╛ рдЕрдзреНрдпрдпрди рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдкреЬрддрд╛ рд╣реИ.
  • рдЗрд╕ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдХреА рдХрд▓рд┐рд╖реНрдЯ рдФрд░ рдЕрдкрд╛рд░рджрд░реНрд╢реА рдкреНрд░рдгрд╛рд▓реА рджрд▓рд╛рд▓реЛрдВ (tout), рднреНрд░рд╖реНрдЯрд╛рдЪрд╛рд░реАрдУ рддрдерд╛ рдореБрдХрджрдореЗрдмрд╛рдЬреА (litigation) рдХреЛ рдкреНрд░реЛрддреНрд╕рд╛рд╣рд┐рдд рдХрд░рддреА рд╣реИ.

рдЯреЛрд░рд╛ рдХреЗ рдореБрдЦреНрдп рдкреНрд░рд╛рд╡рдзрд╛рди:

рдЙрдХреНрдд рд╕рдорд╕реНрдпрд╛рдУ рдХреЗ рдирд┐рд╡рд╛рд░рдг рд╣реЗрддреБ, рдЖрд░реНрдерд┐рдХ рд╕рд░реНрд╡реЗрдХреНрд╖рдг реирежрезрем-резрен рдиреЗ рдПрдХ “рдирд┐рдпрдореЛ рдХреА рдкрд╛рд░рджрд░реНрд╢рд┐рддрд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдирд┐рдпрдо” (рдЯреЛрд░рд╛) рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗ рдХреА рд╕рд┐рдлрд╛рд░рд┐рд╢ рдХреА рдЧрдЗ рд╣реИ. рдЗрд╕ рдХрд╛рдиреВрди рдХреЗ рдЕрдВрд░реНрддрдЧрдд,

  1. рд╕рднреА рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░реА рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдерд╛рдиреЛрдВрдиреЗ рдЕрдирд┐рд╡рд╛рд░реНрдп рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рдЕрдкрдиреА рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдкрд░ рдЕрдзреНрдпрддрди, рдПрдХрддреНрд░рд┐рдд рдФрд░ рдЖрд╕рд╛рдиреА рд╕реЗ рд╕рдордЬ рдореЗрдВ рдЖ рд╕рдХреЗ рдРрд╕реЗ рд╕реНрд╡ рд░реВрдкрдореЗрдВ рд╕рднреА рдирд┐рдпрдореЛ рдХрд╛рдиреВрдиреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рд╕рдВрдХрд▓рди рдЕрдВрдЧреНрд░реЗрдЬреА, рд╣рд┐рдВрджреА рд╡реН рдкреНрд░рд╛рджреЗрд╢рд┐рдХ рднрд╛рд╖рд╛рдУрдореЗрдВ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд╢рд┐рдд рдХрд░рдирд╛ рд╣реЛрдЧрд╛. рдПрдХрдмрд╛рд░ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рд╡рд┐рднрд╛рдЧ рдХреЛ ‘рдЯреЛрд░рд╛-рдЕрдиреБрд░реВрдк’ рдШреЛрд╖рд┐рдд рдХрд░ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рдп, рддрддреНрдкрд╢реНрдЪреНрдпрд╛рдд рдЬрд┐рди рдирд┐рдпрдореЛ рдХрд╛ рдЙрдирдХреА рд╡реИрдмрд╕рд╛рдИрдЯ рдкрд░ рдЬрд┐рдХреНрд░ рдирд╣реА рд╣реИ, рдЙрд╕реЗ рдЬрдирддрд╛ рдкрд░ рд▓рд╛рдЧреВ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреА рдХрд┐рд╕реА рднреА рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░реА рдХрд░реНрдордЪрд╛рд░реА рдХреЛ рдЕрдиреБрдорддрд┐ рдирд╣реА рд╣реЛрдЧреА.
  2. рдХрд┐рд╕ рддрд╛рд░реАрдЦ рдФрд░ рдХрд┐рд╕ рд╕рдордп рдкрд░ рдирд┐рдпрдо рдореЗрдВ рд╕реБрдзрд╛рд░ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛, рдЙрд╕рдХреЗ рдкреБрд░реЗ рдЗрддрд┐рд╣рд╛рд╕ рдХрд╛ рдЬрд┐рдХреНрд░ рднреА рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдИрдЯ рдкреЗ рдХрд░рдирд╛ рд╣реЛрдЧрд╛.
  3. рдХрд┐рд╕реА рднреА рдирд┐рдпрдо рдХреЛ рдмрджрд▓рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдж, рдирд╛рдЧрд░рд┐рдХреЛ рдХреЛ рдЙрд╕рдХрд╛ рдЕрдиреБрдкрд╛рд▓рди рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдкрд░реНрдпрд╛рдкреНрдд рд╕рдордп рджреЗрдирд╛ рд╣реЛрдЧрд╛.
  4. рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдИрдЯ рдкреЗ рдпрджрд┐ рдХреЛрдИ рднреВрд▓ рд╣реЛ, рддреЛ рдЙрд╕рдХрд╛ рдкрд░рд┐рдгрд╛рдо рдирд╛рдЧрд░рд┐рдХ рдирд╣реА рдмрд▓реНрдХрд┐ рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░реА рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдерд╛рди рдиреЗ рднреБрдЧрддрдирд╛ рд╣реЛрдЧрд╛.

рдпреЗ TORA рдирд╛рдЧрд░рд┐рдХ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░рдкрддреНрд░реЛрдВ (citizen charter) рд╕реЗ рдЕрд▓рдЧ рдХреИрд╕реЗ рд╣реИ?

  • рдирд╛рдЧрд░рд┐рдХ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░рдкрддреНрд░ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рд╕рдВрдЧрдарди рдХреЗ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рд▓рд┐рдЦрд┐рдд рдкреНрд░рд╛рд░реВрдкрдореЗрдВ рдЬрдирддрд╛ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдХреА рдЧрдИ рд╕реНрд╡реЗрдЪреНрдЫрд┐рдХ рдШреЛрд╖рдгрд╛ рд╣реИ.
  • рдирд╛рдЧрд░рд┐рдХ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░рдкрддреНрд░реЛрдВ рд╢реБрд░реБрдЖрдд:
    • рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡ рдореЗрдВ 1997: рдЗрдВрдЧреНрд▓реЗрдВрдб рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рдзрд╛рди рдордВрддреНрд░реА рдЬреЛрдВрди рдореЗрдЬрд░ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛, рддрдерд╛,
    • рднрд╛рд░рдд рдореЗрдВ 1997: рдкреНрд░рдзрд╛рдирдордВрддреНрд░реА рдХреА рдЕрдзреНрдпрдХреНрд╖рддрд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдирдИ рджрд┐рд▓реНрд▓реА рдореЗрдВ рдЖрдпреЛрдЬрд┐рдд рд╡рд┐рднрд┐рдиреНрди рд░рд╛рдЬреНрдпреЛрдВ /рд╕рдВрдШ рд░рд╛рдЬреНрдп рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░реЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдореБрдЦреНрдпрдордВрддреНрд░рд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд╕рдореНрдореЗрд▓рди рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдж рдЗрд╕реЗ рдХреНрд░рд┐рдпрд╛рдиреНрд╡рд┐рдд рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛.
  • рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рдиреНрдпрдд: рдирд╛рдЧрд░рд┐рдХ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░рдкрддреНрд░реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдирд┐рдореНрди рдЪреАрдЬреЛ рдХреЛ рд╢рд╛рдорд┐рд▓ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ: рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдерд╛ рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпреЛ, рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛рдУ, рдХреА рд╕реВрдЪрд┐, рдЗрд╕рдореЗрдВ рд▓рдЧрдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓рд╛ рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рдиреНрдп рд╕рдордп, реЮреАрд╕; рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрд╛рд▓рдп рдФрд░ рдЙрд╕рдХреА рдЕрд▓рдЧ-рдЕрд▓рдЧ рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛рдУ рдХреА рдЦрд┐реЬрдХрд┐рдпреЛ рдХреЗ рдЦреБрд▓рдиреЗ рд╡реН рдмрдВрдз рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рд╕рдордп, рд╢рд┐рдХрд╛рдпрдд рдирд┐рд╡рд╛рд░рдг рддрдиреНрддреНрд░ рд╡реН рдЙрд╕рддрдХ рдкрд╣реЛрдЪрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдмреНрдпреЛрд░реЗ рдЗрддреНрдпрд╛рджрд┐.
  • рдпрд╛рдирд┐ рдХреЗ рдирд╛рдЧрд░рд┐рдХ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░ рдкрддреНрд░ рд╕реЗ рдЖрдкрдХреЛ рдпреЗ рдЬрд╛рдирдХрд╛рд░реА рдорд┐рд▓рддреА рд╣реИ, рдХреА рдХреЛрдИ рд╡рд┐рднрд╛рдЧ рдХреНрдпрд╛ рдХрд╛рдо рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ. рдЬрдмрдХрд┐ рдЯреЛрд░рд╛-рдЕрдиреБрд░реВрдк рд╡реЗрдмрдкреЗрдЬ рд╕реЗ рдЖрдкрдХреЛ рдпреЗ рдЬрд╛рдирдХрд╛рд░реА рдорд┐рд▓реЗрдЧреА рдХреА рд╡реЛ рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░реА рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛, рдкрд░рдорд┐рдЯ рд╡рдЧреЗрд░рд╛ рд▓реЗрдирд╛ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЖрдкрдХреА рддрд░рдл рд╕реЗ рдХреНрдпрд╛ рдкреНрд░рдХреНрд░рд┐рдпрд╛ / рдХрд╛рдЧрдЬреА рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрд╡рд╛рд╣реА рдХрд░рдиреА рд╣реЛрдЧреА.

рдпреЗ TORA рд╕реБрдЪрдирд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░ (RTI) рд╕реЗ рдЕрд▓рдЧ рдХреИрд╕реЗ рд╣реИ ?

  • рд╕реВрдЪрдирд╛ рдХрд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░ рдЕрдзрд┐рдирд┐рдпрдо рднрд╛рд░рддреАрдп рд╕рдВрд╕рдж рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ 2005 рдореЗрдВ рдкрд╛рд░рд┐рдд рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛.
  • рд╕реБрдЪрдирд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░ рд╕рднреА рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рд╢рд╛рд╕рдиреАрдХ рдирд┐рд░реНрдгрдпреЛ рдХреЛ рд╕рд╛рд░реНрд╡рдЬрдирд┐рдХ рдХрд░ рднреНрд░рд╖реНрдЯрд╛рдЪрд╛рд░ рд╡реН рднрд╛рдИ-рднрддреАрдЬрд╛рд╡рд╛рдж рд╕реЗ рд▓реЬрдиреЗ, рд╡реН рдЬрдирддрд╛ рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐ рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдХреА рдкрд╛рд░рджрд░реНрд╢рд┐рддрд╛ рдФрд░ рдЬрд╡рд╛рдмрджреЗрд╣реА рдХреЛ рдмрдврд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдмрдирд╛рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реИ.
  • рдЖрдо рдирд╛рдЧрд░рд┐рдХ рдпрд╛ рд╡реНрдпрд╛рд╡рд╕рд╛рдпрд┐рдХ рдХреЛ рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░реА рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдерд╛рди┬а рд╕реЗ рдХреЛрдИ рдЪреАрдЬ / рдЕрдиреБрдорддрд┐ / рдкрд░рдорд┐рдЯ рдЗрддреНрдпрд╛рджрд┐ рд▓реЗрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдХреНрдпрд╛ рдкреНрд░рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдХрд░рдиреА рд╣реЛрдЧреА рдЙрд╕рдХрд╛ рд╕рд░рд▓ рд╡реН рдПрдХреАрдХреГрдд рдХрд┐рд╕реНрдо рдХреА рдирд┐рдпрдорд╛рд╡рд▓реА рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдИрдЯ рдкрд░ рд░рдЦрд╡рд╛рдирд╛ рдЯреЛрд░рд╛ рдХрд╛ рдЙрджреНрджреЗрд╢реНрдп рд╣реИ. рдЬрдмрдХрд┐ рд╕реБрдЪрдирд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░ рдХрд╛ рдЙрджреНрджреЗрд╢реНрдп рд╡реН рд╡реНрдпрд╛рдк рдЯреЛрд░рд╛ рд╕реЗ рдХрд╛рдлреА рдмреЬрд╛ рд╣реИ.
  • рдЙрджрд╛. рдЯреЛрд░рд╛ рдХреЗ рдЕрдВрддрд░реНрдЧрдд рдЧреНрд░рд╛рдорд╡рд┐рдХрд╛рд╕ рд╡рд┐рднрд╛рдЧ рд╡реН рдЬрд┐рд▓рд╛ рдкреНрд░рд╢рд╛рд╕рдирдиреЗ рдордирд░реЗрдЧрд╛ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдб рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗ рдХреА рд╡рд┐рдзреА рдХреЛ рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдИрдЯ рдкреЗ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд╢рд┐рдд рдХрд░рдирд╛ рд╣реЛрдЧрд╛, рд╡рд╣реАрдБ, рдЖрд░.рдЯреА.рдЖрдИ. рдХреЗ рдЕрдВрддрд░реНрдЧрдд рди рдХреЗрд╡рд▓ рдПрд╕реА рд╡рд┐рдзреА рдмрд▓реНрдХрд┐ рдХреАрд╕ рдЬрд┐рд▓реЗ рдореЗрдВ рдХрд┐рддрдиреЗ рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐рдУрдВ рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдб рдмрдирд╡рд╛рдпреЗ рдЧрдП, рдХрд┐рд╕ рдкреНрд░реЛрдЬреЗрдХреНрдЯрдореЗрдВ рдХрд┐рддрдирд╛ рдкреИрд╕рд╛ рдЪреБрдХрд╛рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛, рд╡рдЧреЗрд░рд╛ рд╕рднреА рдЪреАрдЬреЛ рдХрд╛ рдмреНрдпреМрд░рд╛ рдорд╛рдБрдЧрд╛ рдЬрд╛ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИ.
  • рдХрд▓рд┐рд╖реНрдЯ рднрд╛рд╖рд╛рдореЗрдВ рдмрдирд╛рдпреЗ рдЧрдпреЗ рджрд░реНрдЬрдиреЛрдВ рдкрд░рд┐рдкрддреНрд░реЛ рдХреЛ рдиреЛрдЯрд┐рд╕рдмреЛрд░реНрдб рдпрд╛ рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдкрд░ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд╢рд┐рдд рдХрд░ рдПрдХ рд╡рд┐рднрд╛рдЧ рд╕реБрдЪрдирд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░ рдХрд╛ рдкрд╛рд▓рди рддреЛ рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рдХрд┐рдиреНрддреБ рдЯреЛрд░рд╛ рдХреЗ рдЕрдВрддрд░реНрдЧрдд рдЙрд╕рдХрд╛ рд╡рд┐рд╖рдпрд╛рдиреБрд╕рд╛рд░ ┬ардПрдХреАрдХрд░рдг рд╡реН рд╕рд░рд▓реАрдХрд░рди рдЕрдирд┐рд╡рд╛рд░реНрдп рд╣реЛрдЧрд╛.

рдЖрд▓реЛрдЪрдирд╛ / рдкреНрд░рд╕реНрддрд╛рд╡рд┐рдд рдЯреЛрд░рд╛ рдХрд╛ рдореБрд▓реНрдпрд╛рдВрдХрди

  1. рд╡реЗрд╕реЗ рддреЛ рдЖрд░рдЯреАрдЖрдИ рдХрд╛рдиреВрди рдХреЗ рдЕрдВрд░реНрддрдЧрдд рд╣реА, рд╕рд╛рд░реНрд╡рдЬрдирд┐рдХ рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдерд╛рдиреЛрдВрдиреЗ рд╕рдХреНрд░рд┐рдп рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпреЛ рдХреА рдЬрд╛рдирдХрд╛рд░реА рдХрд╛ рдмреНрдпреМрд░рд╛ рджреЗрдирд╛ рд╣реИ, рдЕрдд: рдЯреЛрд░рд╛ рдирд╛рдордХ рдирдпрд╛ рдХрд╛рдиреВрди рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗ рдХреА рд╡рдЬрд╛рдп, рдЖрд░рдЯреАрдЖрдИ рдХрд╛рдиреВрди рдореЗрдВ рд╣реА рд╕рдВрд╢реЛрдзрди рдХрд░ рдРрд╕реЗ рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдерд╛рдиреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдЕрдкрдиреА рдирд┐рдпрдорд╛рд╡рд▓реА рдирд╡реАрдирддрдо, рдПрдХреАрдХреГрдд рдФрд░ рд╕рд░рд▓реАрдХреГрдд рднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдИрдЯ рдкрд░ рд░рдЦрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдмрд╛рдзреНрдп рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдЬреНрдпрд╛рджрд╛ рдЙрдЪрд┐рдд рд╣реЛрдЧрд╛.
  2. рджреВрд╕рд░рд╛, рдпрджрд┐ рдЯреЛрд░рд╛-рдЕрдиреБрд░реВрдк рд╡реЗрдмрдкреЗрдЬ рдкрдврдХрд░ рдирд╛рдЧрд░рд┐рдХрдиреЗ рдЬрд░реВрд░реА рджрд╕реНрддрд╛рд╡реЗрдЬ/рдкреНрд░рдорд╛рдгрдкрддреНрд░ рдЬрдорд╛ рдХрд┐рдпреЗ, рдлрд┐рд░ рднреА рдЙрд╕реЗ рдХреЛрдИ рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛, рдкрд░рдорд┐рдЯ. рд▓рд╛рдпрд╕рдиреНрд╕ рдирд╣реА рдорд┐рд▓ рд░рд╣рд╛, рдФрд░ рдирд╛рдЧрд░рд┐рдХ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░рдкрддреНрд░ рдореЗрдВ рд╕реВрдЪрд┐рдд рд╕рдорд╕реНрдпрд╛ рдирд┐рд╡рд╛рд░рдг рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░реА рднреА рдЙрд╕рдХрд╛ рд╣рд▓ рдирд╣реА рджреЗ рд░рд╣реЗ, рддреЛ рдЙрд╕рдХрд╛ рдЗрд▓рд╛рдЬ рди рдЯреЛрд░рд╛, рдЖрд░рдЯреАрдЖрдИ рд╡реН рдирд╛рдЧрд░рд┐рдХ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░рдкрддреНрд░ рдореЗрдВ рд╕реЗ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдореЗрдВ рдирд╣реА.
  3. (рд╕рд╛рд░реНрд╡рдЬрдирд┐рдХ) рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛ рдХреЗ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░ рдФрд░ рд╕реБрдЪрдирд╛ рдХреЗ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рдкрд╛рд░рд╕реНрдкрд░рд┐рдХ рд╕рдВрдмрдВрдз рдХреЛ рджреЗрдЦрддреЗ рд╣реБрдП, рдЙрдЪрд┐рдд рдпреЗ рд╣реЛрдЧрд╛ рдХреА рдЖрд░.рдЯреА.рдЖрдИ. рдХрд╛рдиреВрди рдореЗрдВ рд╣реА рд╕рдВрд╢реЛрдзрди рд╕реЗ рдЯреЛрд░рд╛ рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рд╛рд╡рдзрд╛рдиреЛ рдХреЛ рд╢рд╛рдорд┐рд▓ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рдП, рддрдерд╛, рд╕рд╛рд░реНрд╡рдЬрдирд┐рдХ рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛ рдХреЗ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░ рдХрд╛рдиреВрди рдХреЛ рдЕрд▓рдЧ рд╕реЗ рдкрд╛рд░рд┐рдд рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рдп рдЬрд┐рд╕рдореЗ рдирд╛рдЧрд░рд┐рдХ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░рдкрддреНрд░ рднреА рд╕рдореНрдорд┐рд▓рд┐рдд рд╣реЛ.

рд╕рд╛рд░ / Conclusion

  • рд╕рддрдд рд╡рд┐рдХрд╛рд╕ рд▓рдХреНрд╖реНрдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдЕрдВрддрд░реНрдЧрдд, рд╕рднреА рджреЗрд╢реЛрдиреЗ рд╕рднреА рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐рдУрдВ рдХреЛ рдиреНрдпрд╛рдп рд╡реН рд╕рд╛рд░реНрд╡рдЬрдирд┐рдХ рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛рдП рджреЗрдиреЗ рд╣реЗрддреБ, рд╕рднреА рд╕реНрддрд░реЛрдВ рдкрд░ рдХрд╛рд░рдЧрд░, рдЬрд╡рд╛рдмрджреЗрд╣ рдФрд░ рд╕рдореЛрд╡реЗрд╢реА рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдерд╛рдУ рдХрд╛ рдирд┐рд░реНрдорд╛рдг рдХрд░рдирд╛ рд╣реИ.
  • рдЗрд╕ рдЕрдиреБрд╕рдиреНрдзрд╛рдирдореЗрдВ рд╡реЗрд╕реЗ рддреЛ рднрд╛рд░рдд рдореЗрдВ рдкрд╣реЗрд▓реЗ рд╕реЗ рд╣реА рдирд╛рдЧрд░рд┐рдХ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░рдкрддреНрд░ (резрепрепрен), рддрдерд╛ рд╕реБрдЪрдирд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░ (реирежрежрел) рдХреА рд╕реНрдерд╛рдкрдирд╛ рд╣реЛ рдЪреБрдХреА рд╣реИ, рдХрд┐рдиреНрддреБ рдмрд┐рдЦрд░реЗ рд╣реБрдП рдирд┐рдпрдо-рдХрд╛рдиреБрдиреЛ рдХреЗ рдЪрд▓рддреЗ рдЗрди рджреЛрдиреЛрдВ рдкреНрд░рдгрд╛рд▓реАрдУ рдХрд╛ рдорд╣рддреНрддрдо рд▓рд╛рдн рд▓реЛрдЧреЛ рдХреЛ рдирд╣реА рдорд┐рд▓ рд░рд╣рд╛.
  • рдЯреЛрд░рд╛ рдХрд╛рдиреВрди рд▓рд╛рдЧреВ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд╕реЗ рдЗрд╕ рдЦрд╛рдз рдХреА рдкреВрд░реНрддрд┐ рдореЗрдВ рд╡рд╛рдХрдИ рдорджрдж рдорд┐рд▓реЗрдЧреА. [рдпрд╛ рдлрд┐рд░ рдкреНрд░рд╢реНрди рдореЗрдВ рдХреНрдпрд╛ рдкреВрдЫрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реИ, рдЙрд╕ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рд╕реЗ рдЖрд▓реЛрдЪрдирд╛ рдореБрджреНрджрд╛ рдирдореНрдмрд░ рей.]