1. Mock Questions for UPSC Mains
  2. Q1: Carbon Imperialism
    1. Introduction (Define | Origin | Data)
    2. Body#1: India believes in Low carbon economy
      1. 1A: INDC
      2. 1B: Carbon Tax
      3. 1C: Schemes, Missions, Initiatives
      4. Body#2: India vs Carbon Imperialism
    3. Conclusion (Summary | Finding)
  3. Q2: Coal is Necessary Evil
    1. Introduction (DATA)
    2. Cost: Benefit of Coal Vs Renewable
    3. Conclusion (Summary | Finding)
  4. Model Answer in Hindi
    1. Introductions / рдкрд░рд┐рдЪрдп
    2. рд╕рдмреВрдд: рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХрд╛рд░реНрдмрди рдЙрддреНрд╕рд░реНрдЬрди рдХрдо рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐ рд╕рдВрд╡реЗрджрдирд╢реАрд▓ рд╣реИ:
    3. рдХреЛрдпрд▓рд╛ рдирд╡реАрдХрд░рдгреАрдп рдЙрд░реНрдЬрд╛ рд╕реЗ рдЬреНрдпрд╛рджрд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреБрдХреНрдд рдХреНрдпреЛрдХрд┐:
    4. Conclusion / рд╕рд╛рд░

Mock Questions for UPSC Civil Services Mains Exam:

Answer the following questions- each in 200 words, 8 minutes, black/blue pen on A4 sized blank page with 1″ margin on each sides:

  1. “While India believes in low carbon economy, it can’t be subservient to carbon imperialism”. Substantiate in context of Paris Agreement.
  2. “Renewable energy sources such as solar and wind can become supplement but not substitutes for coal based power in India.” Analyze.
  3. “Despite its social costs and negative externalities, coal is a necessary evil in India’s quest for human development”. Elaborate.

UPSC IAS/IPS Mains Syllabus Relevance?

  • (GSM2): Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting IndiaтАЩs interests. In context of Paris Summit, CEA Arvind Subramanian says we should not blindly imitate the renewable energy obsession of the first world, and must resist carbon imperialism.
  • (GSM3): Infrastructure: Energy, environmental pollution and degradation: The latest Economic survey 2016-17 Vol.2 chapter 5 points out that though coal has social / environmental costs, we can’t substitute it with renewable energy.

Q1: Carbon Imperialism

Carbon Imperialism
Q. “While India believes in low carbon economy, it can’t be subservient to carbon imperialism”. Substantiate in context of Paris Agreement.

Introduction (Define | Origin | Data)

There are three ways to start the answer
Define Carbon Imperialism is a modern day type of imperialism wherein the developed nations are trying to enforce their views about energy-consumption upon the developing nations, with two primary motives:

  1. To sell their nuclear fuel and technology.
  2. To portray the third world in bad light for using coal power and thereby reducing their own culpability for global warming.
Origin
  • Paris Agreement is a multilateral framework for climate action post-2020 period, when Kyoto protocol expires. It requires the member states to set voluntary targets upon themselves to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG);
  • since I’m using the GHG term for the first time in this answer, I’ve expanded the full form. But even if you give origin of Paris deal, still you’ll have to explain Carbon imperialism. Therefore, first approach (define) is the better method for introduction in this case.
Data
  • In terms of population, though USA is 1/4th of India, it consumes atleast 35% more coal energy than India, and yet at international summits, USA asks India and China to do ‘more’ against global warming, disregarding the fact that 304 million Indians do not have access to electricity and around 500 million Indians are dependent on solid biomass for cooking.
  • Instead of helping India in these matters in financially and technologically, the same USA backed out of Paris Deal in June-2017! This is an example of “Carbon Imperialism”

[Sounds good for Twitter tirade but as a formal introduction, it’s less appropriate. And ultimately you had to explain carbon imperialism so better open with the тАШdefinitionтАЩ.]

Body#1: India believes in Low carbon economy

In the first part of the answer, weтАЩll mention IndiaтАЩs initiatives and commitments regarding clean energy

1A: INDC

At the UNFCCC summit at Paris (2015), India made following voluntary commitments/Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC), with 2030 as deadline:

  • To reduce the emission intensity of GDP by 33-35 per cent over 2005 levels.
  • To increase the share of non-fossil based power generation capacity to 40 per cent of installed electric power capacity (cumulative).
  • To create an additional carbon sink of 2.5-3 gigatonne Carbon Dioxide through additional afforestation.

As such, UPSC MCQs (or descriptive questions) don’t test your memory power of dates, names and numbers, but the above INDC points must be memorized.

1B: Carbon Tax

  1. 2010: Government of India began levying Coal Cess on domestically mined and imported coal. Its proceeds are utilized for funding clean energy research. Budget 2016: 1) Coal Cess increased to Rs.400 per ton┬а 2) It was renamed as┬а тАЬClean Environment CessтАЭ.
  2. 2014-16: As crude oil prices kept falling in the global market, other nations kept passing on the benefits to final consumers. But India kept hiking the excise duty, thereby keeping a check on excessive consumption of petrol and diesel. [Although this was done to keep fiscal deficit in check and augment the treasury, but since Economic Survey Vol.1 portray it in such тАШpositiveтАЩ light, so letтАЩs roll with that.]
  3. 2017: In Goods and services tax (GST) regime, environmentally demerit goods such as sports utility vehicles (SUVs) are kept higher tax slab and GST compensation Cess is also imposed on them. [IтАЩm not going into the criticism that GST removed coal cess thus it might hurt the funding of clean energy research. Because a candidate doing such nitpicking and elaborations will A) divert from the original question B) run out of time and space in the actual exam]

1C: Schemes, Missions, Initiatives

  1. 2008: National Action Plan on Climate Change, with missions on 1) solar energy 2) enhanced energy efficiency among others.
  2. 2013: Green Corridor Program to address the fluctuations/variability in the renewable power supply by Power Grid Corporation of India.
  3. 2015:┬а Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid & Electric Vehicles (FAME India) by Heavy Industries Ministry.
  4. 2015: RBI included renewable energy projects under the Priority sector lending norms (PSL)
  5. 2017: SEBI notified framework for issuing green bonds and listing them on stock exchange for better public participation.

Encyclopedic knowledge is a curse in UPSC Mains exam. Because you’ll have neither the time nor space to express it. ^These many schemes are more than sufficient. You donтАЩt even have to mention the years like IтАЩve done.

Body#2: India vs Carbon Imperialism

In the first part of the answer, we proved that India has made sincere attempts towards low carbon economy, now letтАЩs point out why we canтАЩt blindly imitate first worldтАЩs clean energy obsession.

  • Since the age of industrialization, first world economies grew on coal based energy. The present global warming is a lagged result of their pollution.
  • But, when India or China try to grow in the same way, theyтАЩre chided (censured) by the first world media and politicians.
  • Simultenously, at the UNFCCC negotiations, the first world countries remain ambivalent about how much financial and technological support are they willing to provide for such adoption of ‘clean fuel’.
  • Coal offers the cheapest source of energy, therefore IndiaтАЩs electricity infrastructure is built around this fuel. Alternatives are neither cheap, competitive nor convenient because:
    • Hydel energy requires construction of large dams. Implications: displacement of people and ecological concerns.
    • Nuclear energy has issues related to safety of humans and environment, availability of fuel and technology.
    • The land requirement for solar powerplant is 10 times that of thermal power plant. This has implications on project cost and food security.
    • A 180 degree shift to renewables will render thermal plants idle, leading to unemployment and further aggravation of the NPA & twin balance sheet problem.
    • Wind and solar power are nondispatchable, i.e. energy can be generated only when there is wind blowing or there is appropriate sunshine. This imposes additional cost of storage and backup system.

Therefore, Government of India aims for 175GW renewable energy by 2022 on one hand, while simultenously carrying out coal block auctions, and providing financial support to thermal power based electricity companies under Deendayal Gram Jyoti Yojana and UJJWAL DISCOMM Assurance Yojana.
Even NITI Ayog’s 3 Year Action Plan makes recommendations to increase coal production.

Conclusion (Summary | Finding)

Question asked you to тАЬsubstantiateтАЭ, so in a way itтАЩs a тАШdiscussтАЩ type question, therefore conclusion should be тАШsummaryтАЩ type. But letтАЩs just end by linking with SDG/HDI. Because again тАШsummarizingтАЩ the body will make the answer excessively long.

  • Adoption of renewable energy is a prerequisite in the fight against global warming.
  • But energy access to all, is also a prerequisite in the fight against poverty and low human development.
  • While India understand the significance of both, but disagrees with developed nations priority that the former (Renewables) should take precedence over the latter (HDI).

~800 words. But in real exam you canтАЩt recollect all the points, so automatically this should come down to 200 words.

Q2: Coal is Necessary Evil

“Renewable energy sources such as solar and wind can become supplement but not substitutes for coal based power in India.” Analyze

OR

“Despite its social costs and negative externalities, coal is a necessary evil in India’s quest for Human Development”. Elaborate.

Introduction (DATA)

Observe the words given in the question: ‘supplement’, ‘substitute’. Therefore, better to open the answer with some quantitative dimension of big vs small.

  • In India’s present energy mix consists of 55% coal, 30% oil, 9% natural gas and only 2% is renewable energy sources (OR)
  • In the electricity generation in India, thermal power dominates with 60% of total installed capacity, and within that 3/4th comes from coal based thermal power plants.
  • While, India aim to increase in the overall renewable energy capacity to 175 GW by 2022, still at Paris Agreement, we’ve committed to increase the share of non-fossil power generation to 40% of our installed capacity in proportionate terms. It shows that Indian policymakers give preference of coal over renewables. The reasons are as following:

Note: you can make up any numbers as long as you can show coal is majority. Because even within economic survey vs. niti ayog 3 years document there is inconsistency in the data about energy mix.

Cost: Benefit of Coal Vs Renewable

Source тЖТ Coal based Power plants Renewable Energy
Social
Cost
  • Coal miners are at a higher risk of chronic bronchitis and other lung diseases.
  • Open pit coal mining aggravates the problems of deforestation, land and water contamination.
  • Thermal plants generate carbon dioxide and other pollutants. This┬а increases chances of acid rain, the concentration of greenhouse gases and has negative impact living organisms.
  • They’re are harmless to the health of individuals and mother nature.
Convenience
>Cost
Coal based power plants are dispatchable i.e. they can be turned on/off and they adjust output to electrical grid on demand.
  • Wind and solar power are nondispatchable, meaning electricity can be generated only when there is fast wind blowing or there is appropriate sunshine.
  • So, we’ve to store renewable energy in special batteries and upgrade the entire electricity system to adjust to the supply (of wind and sunshine) vs energy demands of households and industries vs the backup system of coal/gas/diesel based powerplant during rain, cloudy weather and other contingencies.
  • This imposes addition hidden cost of research and integration.
Opportunity
cost
  • A shift to renewables will render thermal plants idle OR working at a lower capacity level.
  • This may result into unemployment and loss of investment- which will further aggravate the non-performing assets (NPA) and twin balance sheet (TBS) problems.
  • Land requirement for solar based powerplant is 10 times that of thermal power plant. Hence, widespread adoption of solar plants is not feasible given the land cost to developer, vs food security to the nation.
  • If Government gives more subsidies, tax breaks and Incentives to fund clean energy research- there will be opportunity cost of using the same amount of public money in other social sector indictors such as health, education and skilling.

Conclusion (Summary | Finding)

тАШElaborateтАЩ is akin to тАШdiscussтАЩ. So in the conclusion, letтАЩs just summarize above things / link it with SDG.

  • Sustainable Development Goals (#7) require all nations to provide affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. While coal is neither sustainable nor modern form of energy, but it is cheap and reliable.
  • To change the present energy mix of India, we require greater technological advancements and deeper international cooperation.
  • While such efforts are underway via International Solar Alliance (ISA) and UNFCCC Paris Agreement respectively, but at least for the next few decades, coal is bound to remain the primary source of electricity in India given the aforementioned constrains.

Model Answer in Hindi

IтАЩll only sketch the outline in Hindi, rest you can translate on your own from the English descriptions given above.

Introductions / рдкрд░рд┐рдЪрдп

  1. (Carbon Imperialism: рд╡реНрдпрд╛рдЦреНрдпрд╛) рдХрд╛рд░реНрдмрди рд╕рд╛рдореНрд░рд╛рдЬреНрдпрд╡рд╛рдж рдПрдХ рдЖрдзреБрдирд┐рдХ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдХрд╛ рд╕рд╛рдореНрд░рд╛рдЬреНрдпрд╡рд╛рдж рд╣реИ, рдЬрд╣рд╛рдВ рд╡рд┐рдХрд╕рд┐рдд рджреЗрд╢ рд╡рд┐рдХрд╛рд╕рд╢реАрд▓ рджреЗрд╢реЛрдВ рдХреЛ рд╕реНрд╡рдпрдо рдкреНрд░рд╛рдердорд┐рдХрддрд╛рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреБрд░реВрдк рдЙрд░реНрдЬрд╛рд╕реНрддреНрд░реЛрддреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреА рдирд╕реАрд╣рдд рджреЗрддреЗ рд╣реИ, рддрд╛рдХрд┐:
    • рд╡реЗ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рдкрд░рдорд╛рдгреБ рдИрдВрдзрди рдФрд░ рдкреНрд░реМрджреНрдпреЛрдЧрд┐рдХреА рдХреЛ рдмреЗрдЪ рд╕рдХреЗ рдпрд╛ рддрдерд╛,
    • рддреАрд╕рд░рд╛ рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡рдореЗрдВ рдХреЛрдпрд▓реЗ рд╡реН рдЬреАрд╡рд╛рд╢реНрдо рдИрдВрдзрди рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рд╣реА рднреВрдордгреНрдбрд▓реАрдп рддрд╛рдкрдХреНрд░рдо рд╡реГрджреНрдзрд┐ (рдЧреНрд▓реЛрдмрд▓ рд╡реЛрд░реНрдореАрдВрдЧ) рдХреА рдкреНрд░рдореБрдЦ рд╡рдЬрд╣ рд╣реИ рдРрд╕рд╛ рдкреНрд░рдЪрд╛рд░ рдХрд░ рдЖрдВрддрд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░реАрдп рд╢рд┐рдЦрд░ рд╕рдореНрдореЗрд▓рдиреЛрдВрдореЗрдВ рд╕реНрд╡рдпрдВ рдХреА рджреЛрд╖реАрддрд╛ рдХрдо рдХрд░ рд╕рдХреЗ.
  2. (Coal vs Renewable: рдбрд╛рдЯрд╛) рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХреЗ рдЙрд░реНрдЬрд╛ рд╕рдореНрдорд┐рд╢реНрд░ (energy mix) рдореЗрдВ рдХреБрд▓ рдкреНрд░рд╛рдердорд┐рдХ рдЙрд░реНрдЬрд╛ рдХреА рдЖрдзреЗ рд╕реЗ рдЬреНрдпрд╛рджрд╛ рдЖрдкреВрд░реНрддрд┐ рдХреЛрдпрд▓реЗ рд╕реЗ рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИ, рдЬрдм рдХреА рдирд╡реАрдХрд░рдгреАрдп рдЙрд░реНрдЬрд╛ рд╕реНрддреНрд░реЛрдд рд╕реЗ рдХреЗрд╡рд▓ реи% рдЙрд░реНрдЬрд╛ рд╣реА рдкреНрд░рд╛рдкреНрдд рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИ. рд╡реЗрд╕реЗ рддреЛ реирежреиреи рддрдХ рднрд╛рд░рдд рд╕рдордЧреНрд░ рдирд╡реАрдХрд░рдгреАрдп рдЙрд░реНрдЬрд╛ рдХреЛ резренрел рдЧреАрдЧрд╛рд╡реЛрдЯ рддрдХ рдмреЭрд╛рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рдХрд┐рдиреНрддреБ, рдЬрд▓рд╡рд╛рдпреБ рдкрд░рд┐рд╡рд░реНрддрди рд╕рдореНрдмрдиреНрдзреА рдкреЗрд░рд┐рд╕ рдХрд░рд╛рд░рдореЗрдВ рднреА рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХрд╛ рд▓рдХреНрд╖реНрдп рд╣реИ рдХреА реирежрейреж рддрдХ рдЧреИрд░-рдЬреАрд╡рд╛рд╢реНрдо рдЗрдВрдзрди рдЖрдзрд╛рд░рд┐рдд рд╡рд┐рдзреБрдд рдХреА рдХреНрд╖рдорддрд╛, рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдерд╛рдкрд┐рдд рд╡рд┐рдзреБрдд рдХреНрд╖рдорддрд╛ рдХреА рекреж% рддрдХ рдкрд╣реБрдЪрд╛рдИ рдЬрд╛рдПрдЧреА. рдпрд╣ рджрд░реНрд╢рд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдХреА рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХреА рдЙрд░реНрдЬрд╛ рд╕реБрд░рдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП, рдиреАрддрд┐рдХрд╛рд░реЛ рдХрд╛ рдЬреНрдпрд╛рджрд╛ рдЭреБрдХрд╛рд╡ рдХреЛрдпрд▓реЗ рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐ рд╣реИ.

рд╕рдмреВрдд: рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХрд╛рд░реНрдмрди рдЙрддреНрд╕рд░реНрдЬрди рдХрдо рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐ рд╕рдВрд╡реЗрджрдирд╢реАрд▓ рд╣реИ:

рдкреЗрд░рд┐рд╕ рд╕рдореНрдореЗрд▓рдирдореЗрдВ рднрд╛рд░рдд рдиреЗ рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░реАрдп рд╕реНрддрд░ рдкрд░ рдирд┐рдзрд╛рд░рд┐рдд рдпреЛрдЧрджрд╛рдиреЛ (INDC) рдореЗрдВ рдирд┐рдореНрди рд▓рдХреНрд╖реНрдпреЛрдХреЛ реирежрейреж рддрдХ рд╣рд╛рдВрд╕рд┐рд▓ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рд╡рд╛рдпрджрд╛ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рд╣реИ:

  1. реирежрежрел рдХреА рдЕрдкреЗрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рд╕рдХрд▓ рдШрд░реЗрд▓реВ рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рдж рдХреА рдЙрддреНрд╕рд░реНрдЬрди рдЧрд╣рдирддрд╛ рдХреЛ рейрей-рейрел% рддрдХ рдХрдо рдХрд░реЗрдВрдЧреЗ.
  2. рдЧреИрд░-рдЬреАрд╡рд╛рд╢реНрдо рдЗрдВрдзрди рдЖрдзрд╛рд░рд┐рдд рд╡рд┐рдзреБрдд рдХреА рдХреНрд╖рдорддрд╛, рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдерд╛рдкрд┐рдд рд╡рд┐рдзреБрдд рдХреНрд╖рдорддрд╛ рдХреА рекреж% рддрдХ рдкрд╣реБрдВрдЪрд╛рдПрдВрдЧреЗ.
  3. рд╡рдиреЛрдВ/рдкреЗреЬреЛ рдХрд╛ рд╡рд┐рд╕реНрддрд╛рд░ рдЗрддрдирд╛ рдУрд░ рдмреЭрд╛рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рдПрдЧрд╛ рддрд╛рдХрд┐ рдЕрддрд┐рд░рд┐рдХреНрдд реи.рел-рей рдЧреАрдЧрд╛рдЯрди рдХрд╛рд░реНрдмрди рд╕рдВрдЪрдп рд╣реЛ рд╕рдХреЗ.

рдХрд░рд╛рдзрд╛рди:

  1. реирежрезрез: рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджреАрдд/рдЖрдпрд╛рддрд┐рдд рдХреЛрдпрд▓реЗ рдкрд░ рдЙрдкрдХрд░ (рд╕реЗрд╕) рдХрд╛ рдкреНрд░рд╛рд░рдореНрдн. рдЗрд╕ рд░рд╛рд╢рд┐ рдХреЛ рд╕реНрд╡рдЪреНрдЫ рдЙрд░реНрдЬрд╛ рд╡рд┐рд╖рдпрдХ рд╕рдВрд╢реЛрдзрдиреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдореЗрдВ рд▓рд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ.
  2. реирежрезрек-резрем рдореЗрдВ рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡ рдмрд╛рдЬрд╛рд░ рдореЗрдВ рдХрдЪреНрдЪреЗ рддреЗрд▓ рдХреА рдХреАрдорддреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдХрдореА рдЖрдИ рдереА рддрдм рдЕрдиреНрдп рджреЗрд╢реЛрдиреЗ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓ рдбреАрдЬрд▓ рдЧреНрд░рд╛рд╣рдХреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд╕рд╕реНрддрд╛ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рд╡рд╣реА рднрд╛рд░рдд рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдЗрдирдкрд░ рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рдж рд╢реБрд▓реНрдХ (excise duty) рдХреЛ рдмреЭрд╛рдирд╛ рд╢реБрд░реВ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛, рддрд╛рдХрд┐ рдХреАрдорддреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдХрдореА рди рдЖрдпреЗ, рдЬреАрд╡рд╛рд╢реНрдо рдЗрдВрдзрдиреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рд╡реН рдкреНрд░рджреБрд╖рдг рдореЗрдВ рдмреЭреЛрддрд░реА рди рд╣реЛ.
  3. реирежрезрен: рдпрджреНрдпрдкрд┐ рд╡рд╕реНрддреБ рдПрд╡рдВ рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛ рдХрд░ (рдЬреА.рдПрд╕.рдЯреА.) рд▓рд╛рдЧреВ рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рд╕реЗ рдХреЛрдпрд▓рд╛ рд╕реЗрд╕ рд╣рдЯрд╛ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐рдиреНрддреБ, рдкрд░реНрдпрд╛рд╡рд░рдг рд╡реН рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд╣рд╛рдирд┐рдХрд╛рд░рдХ рдЪреАрдЬреЛ рдХреА рдЦрдкрдд рдХрдо рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдЙрдирдкрд░ рдЬреА.рдПрд╕.рдЯреА. рдХрд╛ рд╕рдмрд╕реЗ рдКрдБрдЪрд╛ рджрд░ рд▓рдЧрд╛рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реИ, рд╕рд╛рде рд╣реА рд╕рд╛рде рд░рд╛рдЬреНрдпреЛрдВ рдХреА рдХреНрд╖рддрд┐рдкреВрд░реНрддрд┐ рд╣реЗрддреБ рдЙрдкрдХрд░ рднреА рд▓рдЧрд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рд╛рд╡рдзрд╛рди рд╣реИ.

рдкреНрд░рдореБрдЦ рдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛рдП:

  1. реирежрежрео: рдЬрд▓рд╡рд╛рдпреБ рдкрд░рд┐рд╡рд░реНрддрди рдкрд░ рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░реАрдп рдХрд╛рд░реНрдп рдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛ (NAPCC)- рдЬрд┐рд╕рдореЗ рд╕реМрд░ рдорд┐рд╢рди рд╡реН рдкрд░рд┐рд╡рд░реНрдзрд┐рдд рдЙрд░реНрдЬрд╛ рджрдХреНрд╖рддрд╛ рдорд┐рд╢рди рднреА рд╢рд╛рдорд┐рд▓ рд╣реИ.
  2. реирежрезрей: рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░реАрдп рд╣рд░рд┐рдд рдХреЛрд░рд┐рдбреЛрд░ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрдХреНрд░рдо: рдирд╡реАрдХрд░рдгреАрдп рдЙрд░реНрдЬрд╛ рдЖрдкреВрд░реНрддрд┐рдореЗрдВ рдЙрддрд╛рд░-рдЪрдврд╛рд╡реЛ рдХреЛ рджреВрд░ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд╣реЗрддреБ рднрд╛рд░рддреАрдп рдкрд╛рд╡рд░ рдЧреНрд░рд┐рдб рдХреЛрд░реНрдкреЛрд░реЗрд╢рди рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рд╢реБрд░реБрдЖрдд.
  3. реирежрезрел: рднрд╛рд░реА рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рд╡рд┐рднрд╛рдЧ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рд╣рд╛рдЗрдмреНрд░рд┐рдб рдПрд╡рдВ рдЗрд▓реЗрдХреНрдЯреНрд░рд┐рдХ рд╡рд╛рд╣рдиреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рддреЗрдЬреА рд╕реЗ рдЕрдкрдирд╛рдиреЗ рд╡реН рд╡рд┐рдирд┐рд░реНрдорд┐рдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд╣реЗрддреБ ‘рдлреЗрдо-рдЗрдгреНрдбрд┐рдпрд╛тАЩ рдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛.
  4. реирежрезрел: рд░рд┐рдЬрд░реНрд╡ рдмреЗрдВрдХрдиреЗ рдирд╡реАрдХрд░рдгреАрдп рдЙрд░реНрдЬрд╛ рдкрд░рд┐рдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛ рдХреЛ рджрд┐рдП рдЬрд╛рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рд░реБрдг рдХреЛ рдкреНрд░рд╛рдердорд┐рдХ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░ рдХреЗ рд░реБрдг рджрд╛рдпрд┐рддреНрд╡реЛрдВ (Priority sector lending) рдХреА рд╕реВрдЪрд┐ рдореЗрдВ рд╢рд╛рдорд┐рд▓ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛.
  5. реирежрезрен: рд╕реЗрдмреА рдиреЗ рд╣рд░реАрдд рдмрд╛рдВрдб рд╡рд┐рд╖рдпрдХ рдирд┐рдпрдореЛ рдХреЛ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд╢рд┐рдд рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рддрд╛рдХрд┐ рдРрд╕реА рдХрдореНрдкрдирд┐рдпрд╛ рдЖрд╕рд╛рдиреА рд╕реЗ рдЖрдо рдирд┐рд╡реЗрд╢рдХреЛ рд╕реЗ ┬ардкреВрдВрдЬреА рд╣рд╛рдВрд╕рд┐рд▓ рдХрд░ рд╕рдХреЗ.

рдХреЛрдпрд▓рд╛ рдирд╡реАрдХрд░рдгреАрдп рдЙрд░реНрдЬрд╛ рд╕реЗ рдЬреНрдпрд╛рджрд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреБрдХреНрдд рдХреНрдпреЛрдХрд┐:

  1. рдкрд╡рди рд╡реН рд╕реМрд░ рд╡рд┐рджреНрдпреБрдд рдЧреИрд░ рдкреНрд░реЗрд╖рдгреАрдп рд╣реИ рдЕрд░реНрдерд╛рдд рдХрдо рдЧрддрд┐ рдХреА рд╣рд╡рд╛ рдФрд░ рдХрдо рд░реМрд╢рдиреА рдХреЗ рджреМрд░рд╛рди рд╡реЗ рдмрд┐рдЬрд▓реА рдирд╣реА рдЙрддреНрдкрдиреНрди рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддреЗ. рдЗрд╕рд▓рд┐рдП рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдмрд┐рдЬрд▓реА рдХреА рдореБрдЦреНрдп рдЧреНрд░рд┐рдб рд╕реЗ рд╕реНрддрд░реАрдХреГрдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд╣реЗрддреБ рдмрд╣реБрдд рдЬреНрдпрд╛рджрд╛ рдкреВрдВрдЬреА рд╡ рдЯреЗрдХреНрдиреЛрд▓реЙрдЬреА рдХреА рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХрддрд╛ рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИ.
  2. рдкреНрд░рддрд┐ рдореЗрдЧрд╛рд╡реЛрдЯ рд╕реМрд░ рдмрд┐рдЬрд▓реА рдкреИрджрд╛ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд╣реЗрддреБ рдЬрдореАрди рдХреА рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдХрдпрддрд╛ рдХреЛрдпрд▓рд╛ рд╡рд┐рджреНрдпреБрдд рд╕рдВрдпрдВрддреНрд░ рд╕реЗ резреж рдЧреБрдиреА рдЬреНрдпрд╛рджрд╛ рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИ. рднреВрдорд┐ рдЕрд╡рд╕рд░ рдХреА рдпреЗ рд▓рд╛рдЧрдд рд╣рдорд╛рд░реА рдХреГрд╖рд┐ рд╡реН рдЦрд╛рдзреНрдп рд╕реБрд░рдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдкрд░ рдЕрд╕рд░ рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддреА рд╣реИ.
  3. рдпрджрд┐ рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░реА рдиреАрддрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдирд╡реАрдХрд░рдгреАрдп рдЙрд░реНрдЬрд╛ рдХреЛ рдЕрдЧреНрд░рд╕рд░ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рддреЛ рд╕рдВрднрд╡ рд╣реИ рдХреЛрдпрд▓рд╛ рд╡рд┐рджреНрдпреБрдд рд╕рдВрдпрдВрддреНрд░реЛ рдореЗрдВ рд╕реЗ рдХреБрдЫ рднрд╛рдЧ рдмреЗрдХрд╛рд░ рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рдП/ рдмрдВрдз рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдкреЬреЗ. рдЗрд╕рд╕реЗ рдмреЗрд░реЛрдЬрдЧрд╛рд░реА, рдЕрдирдЙрдкрд╛рд░реНрдЬрдХ/рдлрдВрд╕реА рд╣реБрдИ рдЕрд╕реНрддрд┐рдпрд╛рдВ рд╡реН рджреЛрд╣рд░реЗ рддреБрд▓рдирдкрддреНрд░ рдХреА рдЪреБрдиреМрддреА рдУрд░ рдЧрдВрднреАрд░ рд╕реНрд╡рд░реВрдк рд▓реЗ рд╕рдХрддреА рд╣реИ.

Conclusion / рд╕рд╛рд░

  1. рд╕рддрдд рд╡рд┐рдХрд╛рд╕ рд▓рдХреНрд╖реНрдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдЕрдВрддрд░реНрдЧрдд рд╕рднреА рджреЗрд╢реЛрдиреЗ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рд╕рднреА рд▓реЛрдЧреЛ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдХрд┐рдлрд╛рдпрддреА, рднрд░реЛрд╕реЗрдордВрдж, рд╕рддрдд (sustainable) рдФрд░ рдЖрдзреБрдирд┐рдХ рдЙрд░реНрдЬрд╛ рдХреА рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдзрд┐ рдХреЛ рд╕реБрдирд┐рд╢реНрдЪрд┐рдд рдХрд░рдирд╛ рд╣реИ. рдпреЗ рд╕рд╣реА рд╣реИ рдХреА рдХреЛрдпрд▓реЗ рд╕реЗ рдкреНрд░рд╛рдкреНрдд рд╣реЛрдиреЗрд╡рд╛рд▓реА рдЙрд░реНрдЬрд╛ рди рддреЛ рдЖрдзреБрдирд┐рдХ рд╣реИ рди рд╕рддрдд, рдХрд┐рдиреНрддреБ рд╡реЛ рд╕рд╕реНрддреА рд╡реН рднрд░реЛрд╕реЗрдордВрдж рддреЛ рдЕрд╡рд╢реНрдп рд╣реИ.
  2. рдирд╡реАрдХрд░рдгреАрдп рдЙрд░реНрдЬрд╛ рд╡рд┐рд╖рдпрдХ рд╡реИрд╢реНрд╡рд┐рдХ рд╕рд╣рдпреЛрдЧ рдФрд░ рдЯреЗрдХрдиреЛрд▓реЙрдЬреА рдЖрд╡рд┐рд╖реНрдХрд╛рд░реЛ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдмрдд рднрд╛рд░рдд рдЧрдВрднреАрд░ рд╡реН рд╕рдХрд╛рд░рд╛рддреНрдордХ рд╣реИ, рдХрд┐рдиреНрддреБ рдкреВрд░реНрд╡рдХрдерд┐рдд рдЪреБрдиреМрддрд┐рдУрдВ рдХреЗ рдЪрд▓рддреЗ рдЖрдиреЗрд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рдХреБрдЫ рджрд╢рдХреЛ рддрдХ рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХреЗ рдкрд╛рд╕ рдХреЛрдпрд▓реЗ рдХреЗ рдЕрд▓рд╛рд╡рд╛ рдКрд░реНрдЬрд╛ рдХрд╛ ┬ардХреЛрдИ рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╣рд╛рд░реНрдп рд╡рд┐рдХрд▓реНрдк ┬а(practical option) рдирд╣реА рд╣реИ.
  3. рдЕрдд: рдЗрд╕ рдмрд╛рдмрдд рд╡рд┐рдХрд╕рд┐рдд рджреЗрд╢реЛ рдХреЗ ‘рдХрд╛рдмрд░реНрди рд╕рд╛рдореНрд░рд╛рдЬреНрдпрд╡рд╛рдж’ рдпрд╛ рдкреИрд░рд╡реА (lobbying) рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рдордиреЗ рдЭреБрдХрдирд╛ рдпрд╛ рдирд░рдо рд╣реЛрдирд╛ рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХреЗ рдорд╛рдирд╡рд╡рд┐рдХрд╛рд╕ рд╡реН рдЙрд░реНрдЬрд╛ рд╕реБрд░рдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдХреЗ рд╣рд┐рддреЛ рдореЗрдВ рдирд╣реА рд╣реИ.