- Prologue
- Fisheries: Scope/significance
- EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone
- Fish Supply chain
- Government Policies/Schemes
- Mock Questions
Prologue
syllabus of UPSC Mains (GS) | topics in this article |
(GS1) Distribution of key natural resources across the world and India | just a brief table on EEZ |
(GS2) Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors | Comprehensive Marine Fishing Policy, 2004 |
(GS2) Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population | Fishermen Welfare Scheme |
(GS3) Food processing and related industries in India-scope and significance, location, upstream and downstream requirements, supply chain management. | Related to freshwater, saltwater and shrimps. |
later: we’ll see [Food processing] Poultry, meat, tea, coffee, wine, edible oil.
Fisheries: Scope/significance
Ranking |
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GDP contribution |
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Export (2011-12 data) |
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Gives employment to more than |
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Top 5 fish producers
Top-5 Countries (2009 data) | Top-5 States (2012 data) |
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Some stupid numbers from economic survey
Export (2011-12 data) | export (approx. Million dollar) | India’s share in world trade (approx.) |
Fish | 3400 | 3% |
Meat | 2700 | 2% |
Geographical advantage:
Coast Line | more than 8100 kms |
Continental Shelf | ~half million sq.km |
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) | more than 2 million sq.km |
+millions of hectares of ponds, tanks, rivers, reservoirs, canals, brackish water area.
EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone
The EEZ of India can be further divided into the following regions:
WEST COAST=42% OF EEZ | North West | Gujarat & Maharashtra |
South West | Goa, Karnataka & Kerala | |
EAST COAST=28% OF EEZ | Lower East | Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh & Pondicherry |
Upper East | Orissa & West Bengal |
Remaining EEZ area under Andaman and the Nicobar Islands.
Andaman- Nicobar | Lakshadweep |
6 lakhs sq km EEZ | 4 lakh sq km EEZ |
There is immense potential for import of fish into India from neighboring countries in South Asia and South East Asia.
Indian fisheries sector classification
- Marine
- Deep Sea Fishing
- Coastal Fishing
- Inland (Freshwater)
- Aquaculture
Fish Supply chain Management
- Among all Desi food processing industries, Fish processing supply chain = shortest. Because in most of the cases, fishermen themselves sell their catch directly to consumers via local wet fish markets.
- Alternate channels for distribution: Fishermen=> commission agents=> Fish market.
Saltwater@Upstream
- Arabian sea=broader continental shelf=fish production higher than Eastern coast.
- Despite government ban, fisherman use fine-sized net= even Juvenile fish are being caught.
- 30% to 40% of the catch is discarded by fishermen in high seas because juvenile fish who don’t fetch good prices in market= resource lost.
- During breeding season, fishing is banned in coastal waters. But the authorities don’t enforce it strictly.
- Lack of surveillance of territorial waters= even outsiders (Pakistani fishermen) do illegal fishing in our area.
- The EEZ around Andaman-Nicobar and Lakshadweep confluences with international waters. This makes these Island territories vulnerable to illegal Fishing by foreign vessels.
- Most fishing vessels don’t have facility to freeze the fish onboard immediately after catching= quality deterioration before they reach the coast.
- unregulated fishing of highly migratory species just outside the EEZ=negative impact on Marine biodiversity.
- Most vessel don’t have special equipment to do deep water fishing beyond depth of 400m. Example yellow fin tuna found around Lakshadweep islands. They’re almost unexploited since the technology for deep long lining is not prevalent in the Islands.
Fish Supply: Freshwater@Upstream
- For inland fisheries, two big players= WB+Andhra.
- But even those state governments not enforcing fishing net size in rivers, lakes and reservoirs= juvenile fish caught and discarded.
- Fishing ban during breeding season not strictly enforced.
Aquaculture@upstream
EMPIRES |
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MNREGA |
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AQUACULTURE |
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Shrimp-farming@Upstream
- Nellor District, AP= Shrimp Capital of India.
- Pink revolution=Shrimp/prawns. (as per some books/ PDF reports.)
- Pink revolution also means meat + poultry. (as per food processing ministry, FAO etc)
- anyways, let’s check the issues.
PARENTS |
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ANTIBIOTICS |
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FEED COST |
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TRAINING |
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@Processing
Fish Supply:NOTABLE Indian PLAYERS |
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WATER QUALITY |
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PACKAGING |
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LOW VALUE ADDITION |
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Fish Supply Chain INVESTMENT |
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Fish Supply: @Downstream
More than 1/3rd of Indians eat fish but demand for “processed fish”=limited because
- Indian consumer prefer wet (fresh) fish rather than processed fish.
- Cost of processed fish product= 20-25% higher than fresh fish.(due to indirect taxes)
- Desi Consumers prefer to buy fresh fish from wet markets and process it at home
- Therefore, Indian fish processing segment=entirely export-oriented, due to lack of local/domestic demand
INFLATION |
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MARKETING |
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Fish Supply: RETAILERS |
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Fish Supply: MARKETING RESEARCH |
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DUMPING |
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REJECTIONS |
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Government Policies/Schemes
Jurisdiction:
States | Marine fisheries within the territorial waters are the subject of maritime states |
Centre | Fisheries beyond this limit within the EEZ fall in the jurisdiction of Central Government. |
Comprehensive Marine Fishing Policy, 2004
By Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Ministry of Agriculture
Three main objectives: 1) boost export 2)socio-economic welfare of fishermen 3) protect marine ecology/biodiversity
ACTIVITY | policy will address following: |
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protection + welfare |
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technology transfer to small scale sector |
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Salient Features of this policy
- ATTENTION TO CONSUMERS
- increase per capita (fish) protein intake
- Attention to consumer rights. Ensuring food safety, mandatory bar coding and packaging for sale of fish products.
- Ensure international quality and food safety in fish and fishery products.
- Ensure Hygiene in fishing harbor and processing centers.
- Protect consumers from fish contaminated with heavy metals and other hazardous chemicals discharged from industrial establishments.
- eco labeling of marine products
- ATTENTION TO FISHERMEN
- Each fisherman household would be given a card for easy identification.
- Strengthen Cooperative movement of fishermen
- Uniformity in central-state welfare schemes for fisherman.
- Greater participation of cooperatives, NGOs and local self-Governments
- Government to contribute towards Insurance scheme for only those fishermen who do not own a boat.
- Fishermen Housing Schemes will unified and implemented as a master plan through a national agency.
- ATTENTION TO ENVIRONMENT
- responsible and sustainable fishing practices to Preserve environment and biodiversity
- Strict ban on all types of destructive methods of fishing.
- Regulate Mesh sizes in different parts of the fishing gear. Penalties for violations of mesh regulations.
- Prohibit Catching of juveniles and non- targeted species=prohibited
- greater liaison between Central and State Pollution Control Board to control all industrial establishments discharging effluents in to the sea
- Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) in effluent discharge systems will be made mandatory.
- Mangrove plantation in Coastal areas.
- ATTENTION TO FANCY THINGS:
- HRD, R&D, use of IT, strengthening marine database via satellites etc.
National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB)
HQ: Hyderabad. For both inland and marine fish. Promotes following
- Accelerated development of the fisheries and aquaculture in a sustainable manner
- Hygienic development of wholesale and retail markets
- Mariculture (cultivation of marine organized in enclosed section of ocean / pond / tank etc. Example: prawn, pearls, agar etc)
- Training to fishermen/fish farmers
Government Schemes
National Mission for Protein Supplement (NMPS) |
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Development of Inland fisheries & Aquaculture |
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Development of Marine Fisheries, Infrastructure Post Harvest Operations. |
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Strengthening of Database & Geographic Information System for Fisheries Sector. |
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Fishermen Welfare Scheme
In the 90s, there were multiple schemes for fishermen welfare but in mid-2000s, all of them combined into single “Centrally Sponsored National Scheme on Welfare of Fishermen” (duh, no catchy name/abbreviation, not named after you know who. but then again, scheme falls under Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying= under Sharad Pawar=not directly under you know who’s party.)
anyways, this scheme has:
Two pronged approach
PROTECTIVE |
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PROMOTIONAL |
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four broad components
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Misc.
CIBA IMMUNoDot | An immunodot blot test for early detection of WSS virus in shrimp. Patent pending. |
Silver pompano |
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International Support
- Several international organizations, including the World Bank, UNDP , DANIDA, NORAD, ODA (UK and Japan) provide aid to India for the development of fisheries sector .
- (UK) has provided technical aid for the prevention of post-harvest losses in marine fisheries. Recently, FAO launched a scheme for providing technical assistance to implement Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) in seafood processing industries.
State governments
They need to do following:
- Enforce fishing holidays during breeding season.
- Awareness camps to educate the fishermen on importance of the breeding cycle of the fish to replenish the stock.
- Regulate fishing net size. 30 mm mesh size should be standardized for use.
- Announce specific financing schemes for purchase of requisite vessels and equipment
- Allow only a sustainable number of vessels to operate in the coastal waters. Don’t give license to everyone.
- Leasing of coastal zones – There is need to consider leasing of coastal zones on a long term basis (30 years) to private sector players, for introduction of advanced mariculture technologies such as cage culture, pen culture etc. for augmenting fish production.
Mock Questions
MCQs
- Correct Statement about EEZ of India
- Eastern Cost has larger area under EEZ than Western Cost
- Among Union Territories, Lakshadweep is surrounded by the maximum EEZ area.
- Both
- None
- Correct statements about yellow fin tuna
- Found in the shallow coastal waters around Lakshadweep
- It is on verge of becoming extinct, because of destructive fishing in this region.
- Both
- None
Descriptive
- 2m
- Obstacles to Pink Revolution in India
- MODEL FISHERMEN VILLAGES
- National Mission for Protein Supplement (NMPS)
- National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB)
- 12m
- Issues affecting supply chain of marine fisheries.
- Write a note on Centrally Sponsored National Scheme on Welfare of Fishermen.
- Enumerate the salient features of the Comprehensive Marine Fishing Policy.
- Define Aquaculture and Mariculture. Discuss their significance in rural development in coastal areas.
- 25m
- Although India is the second largest fish producer of the world, the share of fisheries sector in India’s GDP is negligible. Examine the reasons for this phenomenon and suggest remedies.
- Essay
- Civilization is like a thin layer of ice upon a deep ocean of chaos and darkness.
- India is rich in people, rich in culture, rich in resources and rich in trouble.
Tnxxxxxxxxxxx a ton
thanks a lot sir. god bless you!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
stop “muwaahing” ladies… this is a public forum ha ha :P…
hehehehehe………
LOL….
You are ‘Bharat nu Gaurav’. You may have read thousands of comments praising you and your efforts and will read the same endlessly in your life. But when I write this, I’m crying. Crying for getting a guide like you in a case when nobody is to guide me in the remotest of the remote area I live. You are made to light the way of others. I bow you and mein aapke paanv padhta huun. Aapke roop mein maine ek chanakya paa liya he. Mrunal bhai: no more words. Thanks a lot.You are the one who guides us for entire 2025 marks- the one man army. GOD BLESS U sir.
wah mere bhai….
dont be so overwhelmed, he actually is doing all these for his own sake,this is marketing strategy, no wonder if one day u wil find mrunal institutes,publisher in his name,he is at product devt cycle right now….but his knowledge is commendable i must say..
plz send me the detailed syll. of ias and tell me about the study material & study plan and few points to crack the examination
MCQ SOLUTION
1.D
2.A
Yellow Fin Tuna not extinct
1. ka A ni hona chaiye?
No . See table not eastern part .
Western part .
WESTERN > EASTERN
42% > 28%
1 D
2 D
As yellow fin tuna found in the DEEP waters around Lakshadweep.
Hey, are we supposed to do Statistics this year? Since it’s not mentioned in syllabus, and until last year, it was mentioned. I sincerely hope Stats is still there. The only constant of UPSC. Is it hidden somewhere b/w the lines, where I could not infer it? Or is it gone.
its gone !
any idea on the second comment?
and any idea how/where to do the “Post independence , consolidation and reorganization” part
and the Part ” People’s representation Act” I suppose it doesn’t means the bare act but the silent features.
read ‘India After Gandhi’ by R.Guha…it is the best
post independence consolidation not only means consolidating princely states , it means consolidating in territorial and in emotional term, consolidating across caste , religion,region,languages. it also means means consolidation of our various Institution such as judiciary, election commission etc . so overall consolidation of India as NATION AS WELL AS STATE is to be studied under this topic.
i concur! very well put, Bhor.
Salient*
Thanks a lot Bhai Saheb!!!
Splendid and unmatched contribution…
thanks again sir
MRUNAL SIR KI JAI HO !!!!!!!! JIYA HO BIHAR KE LAALA !!!!
ha ha ha ha ha h
Essay questions are very interesting.Thank you.
thanks alot sir
anxiously waiting for next…….
a well crafted info gift. thanks
Law and regulations:
The legislatures in India have the power to make laws and regulations with respect to many subjects including fisheries, as well as the preservation, protection and improvement of stock and the prevention of animal disease. At the Central level, Indian Fisheries Act (1897), which penalizes the killing of fish by poisoning water and by using explosives; the Environment (Protection) Act (1986), being an umbrella act containing provisions for all environmental related issues affecting fisheries and aquaculture industry in India, Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1974) and the Wild Life Protection Act (1972) are the most important laws.
Thank you so much for Posting Invaluable Materials for GS Papr 4 on Ethichs, Integrity and Morality.Plz keep on the track.God Bless You!
Isn’t the Indian coastline 7517km long and not 8100km?
7515 IS FOR MAINLAND INDIA AND IF U INCLUDE LAKSHADWEEP, A ND D ISLANDS THEN THAT GOES ABOVE 8100 KMS
sir, can u give notes on surrogacy ……
Surrogacy article already given: click me