[Act 1] MDG, SDG, Kyoto Agreements
- Economic survey ch12: sustainable Development and climate change.
- As such chapter has hardly any new topics. Most of the stuff is fodder and bolbachhan.
#1: Millennium Development goals (MDG)
Who? | UN General assembly |
When? | Framed in 2000. (but targets calculation done based on 1990 levels) |
deadline | 2015 |
GOAL | TARGET DESCRIPTION |
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1.povertyhunger | 1. reduce BPL junta by 50% |
2. reduce hungry people by 50% | |
2.edu | 3. all boys & girls complete primary education |
3. genderequality | 4.Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education |
4.child | 5. reduce child mortality by 2/3rd |
5.mother | 6. Reduce MMR by 3/4th (75%) |
6.disease | 7. halt HIV/AIDS spread |
8. halt malaria etc. | |
7.SustainbleDevelopment | 9. integrate sustainable Development into national policies, reverse environment loss |
10.junta without access to water-sanitation : reduce their # by 50% | |
11. Improve life of at least 10 crore slum dwellers. | |
8.partnership | 12. reform training, financial system, good governance etc. |
13.needs of LDC countries | |
14. needs of small island and land locked countries | |
15. debt problem of developing countries | |
16. youth productive work | |
17. affordable drugs with help of pharma cos. | |
18. new ICT technology with help of private cos. |
MDG & India
Indicator | MDG target | India’slikelyachievement |
---|---|---|
1.Poverty. BPL earning <1$/day | 23.9% BPL earning <1$ | 20.74 |
2A.Edu. Net enrollment ratio 2B.Literacy rate (15-24 years) |
100% | 100% |
3A. Gender parity index(boys to girls in primary edu) | 1 | 1 |
3B. share of women in non-agri. employment | 50 | 23.1 |
4A. under five mortality rate (1000 live births) | 42 | 50 |
4B. IMR (1000 live births) | 27 | 41 |
5A. MMR (1 lakh live births) | 109 | 139 |
5C. births attended by skilled personnel | 100% | 62% |
6.Halt HIV & other disease | no projectionsgiven in survey | |
7A.households with water access | 94%(Urban) 79%(Rural) | 98%(U) 96%(R) |
7B. households without sanitation access | 16%(U) 47%(R) | 12%(U) 61%(R) |
India can achieve these by 2015 | cannot achieve these by 2015 |
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Budget 2014 on sustainable Development
- Re-affirmed global commitment to develop new set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) when the MDG expires in 2015.
- Outlined India’s performance on sustainable development viz.
- 12th FYP gave prominent focus to Sustainable development.
- Since 90s till now, India has reduced its Carbon dioxide emission by 20% (per unit of GDP)
- 12% of our energy comes from renewable sources. (23 Gigawatts).
- National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) and State Action Plans on Climate Change (SAPCCs.) have been development.
#2: Sustainable Development goals (SDG)
- 2015: millennium Development goals will expire.
- Therefore, under RIO+20 summit, the leaders had decided to enact new “Sustainable development goals” (SDG)
- UN general assembly has setup 30 member group to design SDG.
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What is sustainable Development?
- “Development which meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.
- Brundtland commission on World Commission on Environment and Development (1987) gave above definition.
- This has been asked in MCQ- who gave definition, therefore need to remember.
What is Rio+20 summit?
- 1992: Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- 2012: United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, in same place.
- but since 20 years had lapsed between two summit, therefore, second summit called “RIO+20”
For more details on RIO+20 and a mile long article click me.
#3: Kyoto and WARSAW
Kyoto protocol | WARSAW summit |
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3rd conference under UNFCC (1997) | 19th conference under UNFCC (2013) |
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Like-minded Developing countries wanted NO LEGALLY BINDING commitment on “DEVELOPING” countries. |
Kyoto protocol expires in 2020 | Decided to meet at Paris in 2015, to outline post- what to do after Kyoto protocol expires in 2020 |
Kyoto protocol expires in 2020 | Decided to meet at Paris in 2015, to outline post- what to do after Kyoto protocol expires in 2020 |
three mechanisms
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two mechanisms
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more details click me | more details click me |
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- Mug up above list for tricky MCQs “which of the following is not a GHG?”
- Do read NCERT Chemistry class11 chapter 14: environmental chemistry.
#4: Fodder: Future agreements
Kyoto | MDG |
---|---|
born in 1997 | 2000 |
expires in 2020 | 2015 |
Kyoto focus= industrialized (developed) countries to cut down their emission. | MDG focus= developing countries to improve human and environment welfare. |
But, in 2015: all countries will have to pledge emission cuts for the post 2020 period. | But in 2015: MDG will end. Therefore, global community designing future sustainable development goals (SDGs), according to Rio+20 mandate. Budget 2014, also affirmed this commitment. |
- 2014 is the last chance for all stakeholders to introspect to be able to wisely choose the world they want post 2015.
- Therefore future agreements: (1) post Kyoto agreement (2) SDG= these two will apply to all countries- whether they’re developing, developed countries.
- But applicability to all, should not amount to “uniformity of application”.
- Per capita energy use in developing countries is hardly 25% of developed countries.
- The bottom half of the world can do its bit but it cannot be expected to shoulder the bulk of the world’s development, sustainability, and climate crisis burden.
- In other words, first world countries should further reduce emission and send truckload of donation to third world countries.
- In other words, Global community must embed the principles of equity and CBDR in the new agreements.
- Developing countries should have the discretion to fulfill their domestic goals in accordance with their national circumstances
- Developing countries must be given their fair share of ‘carbon’ and ‘development space’.
- Global community must stop taking solace in limited progress and move to decisive action.
#5: Fodder: Emission cuts vs India
Points from Economic Survey, about India’s commitment towards climate change and sustainable Development
- India has not even utilized its fair share of the earth’s carbon space.
- Between 1850 to 2010: India’s contribution to global emissions was only 2.7%, while that of the USA was 27%
- India lacks the resources to effectively respond to sustainability and climate challenges.
- We’ve not even achieved basic minimum standards of living for its entire population.
- 4 crore Indians don’t have electricity in their homes
- 8 crore Indians still use firewood for cooking
- We have to maintain a high economic growth for a large population
- We have to provide urbanization and industrialization.
- But mitigation and adaptation must continue.
- We’ve enacted a number of legislations on conservation of forests and ecosystems, waste management, and pollution control.
- We strongly believe that environmental conservation can go hand in hand with development
- But while pursuing higher GDP, we’ll keep “sustainability” at the core of India’s planning process.
[Act 2] Climate funding
Only covering the climate funding mechanisms discussed in survey/budget.
CF#1: Global environment facility (GEF)
- 1991: started in the world bank
- Provides funding for UNFCC, convention of biological diversity (CBD), Stockholm convention on organic pollutants, Minamata convention on Mercury etc.
- So far, India used ~50 cr dollars from GEF. And itself pledged 1.2 core $ in GEF-5.
- India has used majority of GEF funding on mitigation projects ($4 cr), and only a small fraction on adaptation projects.
Adaptation | Mitigation |
---|---|
post-measure | pre-measure |
Building sea walls to protect against sea rise | Reduce emission to prevent global warming which leads to sea rise. |
Having ambulance facilities in dangerous highways/roads with curves and narrow lanes | Don’t make dangerous roads in the first place. |
CF#2: National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF)
- Was created from a coal cess of 50 per ton.
- Falls under “public account of India” (And not under Consolidated fund of India).
- Budget 2014 increased coal cess to Rs.100 per tonne
- >15k crore rupees spent from this fund on JNNURM Solar lights, wind power projects etc.
Fodder: Climate finance problems
- Developed countries committed to providing US$ 100 billion per year to developing countries by 2020.
- But there is no comprehensive system for tracking climate finance
- proliferation of funds, and lack of coordination
- Developed countries providing Technological transfer instead of granting money
- To reduce global temperature by 2 Degree in 2050, we need 44 trillion USD. No single source will be sufficient for this amount.
- Countries can raise more money via domestic resource mobilization (DRM). But that depends on factors such as fiscal performance of the country, natural resource base, and size of tax base etc.
- We must explore new funds from South-South cooperation, and private finance.
[Act 3] India specific
#1: National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)
The new economic survey itself shamelessly says “We’ve covered this topic in previous economic survey.” Therefore, time to shamelessly copy paste from previous summary, with minor updates.
2008 | PM launched NAPCC. |
2009 | PM requested state govt. to prepare SAPCC. (State Action plan on climate change) |
2014 | 26 states/UT submitted their SAPCC so far (as per economic survey) |
Thanks to NAPCC, we’ve reduced the CO2 emission per GDP unit by 20%
Nehru Solar
- 2010: (Jawaharlal Nehru) National solar mission launched.
- Under ministry of new and renewable energy
Targets by 2022
- install 20GW solar power
- 2 GW of off-grid Solar
- 20 million sq. meter of solar thermal collector area
- 20 million rural households to have solar lighting
Phase | Till March |
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First | 2013 |
Second | 2017 [we are in second phase] |
Third | 2022 |
Other missions under NAPCC
2.Energy |
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3.Water |
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4.Agro |
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5.Green India (forest) |
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6.Habitat |
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7.Knowledge |
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8.Himalayan Ecosystem |
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#2: Environment clearance problem
Lengthy topic, only summarizing points from survey.
Why environmental clearance gets delayed?
- Fragmented policy. Several government agencies with differing policy mandates.
- State institutes have shortage of trained personnel, database, funds and infrastructure.
Reforms taken?
- Environment ministry has relaxed general conditions relating to distance of project from state boundaries.
- If mining projects that have already obtained Environmental Clearance (EC) under EIA Notification 2006, then they don’t have to get another EC during mining license
Renewal.
- Relaxed norms for Highway expansion projects.
- As such Environment impact assessment work is classified into two categories:
Category A | Category B |
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Need clearance from environment ministry | Need clearance from state level agencies. |
B1 | Need public hearing. |
B2 | Don’t need public hearing anymore. |
#3: Assertion reasoning: Market vs Environment
I’ve shifted this topic from Chapter on Industries to this chapter, for continuity in revision. Let’s direct check assertion reasoning type:
Assertion | Environmental degradation is the result of market failure |
Reason | Markets for environmental goods and services is non-existent in India. |
Correct answer | Both correct, R explains A. |
Assertion | Environmental degradation is the result of market failure. |
Reason | Lack of well-defined property rights is one of the reasons for market failure. |
Correct answer | Both correct, but R doesn’t explain A. (R explains what causes market failure but doesn’t explain how market failure causes environment degradation) |
Assertion | Government’s price control and subsidies on fossil fuelAggravates the achievement of environmental objectives. |
Reason | Such interventions create Market distortions. |
Correct answer | R right and explains A |
More fodder:
Indian manufacturing technology puts a heavy stress on the environment- via intensive resource and energy use.
Significant polluters | result |
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Appendix
some related topics in current affairs:
#1: Desi Liquor Solar subsidies =Anti-WTO, says USA
- Under Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission, Government has made specific guidelines for “local sourcing” i.e. some of the solar equipment must be procured from desi companies only. also called “Domestic content requirement” (DCR)
- So, indirectly the American (And any other foreign products) are eliminated from competition.
America accuses | India defends |
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In many states of USA, you’re also doing the same against our solar panels. So, this is tit-for-tat. |
As per WTO’s Government Procurement Agreement, you cannot “discriminate” between desi vs foreign players while procuring goods/services for government projects. | But we’ve not signed that stupid agreement! |
You’re running a vendetta to hurt American businessmen. |
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Our solar panels are of higher quality and cheaper price than your bogus desi products. |
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What happened next?
- 2014: USA complained to WTO. WTO asked both parties (India-US) to find a solution through (informal) talks/consultation with 60 days deadline.
- But talks did not lead to satisfactory outcome.
- May 2014: USA asked to WTO form a dispute settlement panel and adjudicate this like a court matter.
- July 2014: onwards it’s just taarikh pe taarikh.
- Aug 2014: US envoy on climate change meets our Environment minister. Only Lip service on dispute. Their main agenda is to sign energy efficiency projects for those “SMART CITIES”.
#2: Ecuador oil drilling in Yasuni Park
- Amazon Rainforests= lungs of the world
- Ecuador found large reserve of oil near Amazon basin – Yasuni National Park.
- Yasuni national park – UNESCO Biosphere reserve. Has two primitive uncontacted tribes (Kichwa and Waorani tribe)
- Park has more biodiversity than entire North America
- 2007: Ecuador Government asked world to give money, in exchange of not drilling the oil and harming environment.
- So far, hardly 13 million$ received. Government wanted >3.5 billion$.
- Therefore, Government decided to start oil drilling in Yasuni National park.
#3: Tar balls
- Tar balls are lumps of petroleum
- How are they formed? Oil spillage from tankers. Regular ships discharging burnt-oil into sea.
- This oil reacts with sea-water=> tar balls formed.
- Tar balls were washed ashore during the pre- and post-monsoon period along the Konkan belt Goa, Karwar in Karnataka and south Ratnagiri in Maharashtra.
- Why problem? Tar balls harmful for marine organism. They have foul smell, sticky to walk on=beach tourists decline.
Mrunal Sir when will u restart PIB ArTiCles
Dude atleast have the sanctity to question this after prelims.
Sir, Environment material has not been updated since long.is it relevant for 2017 material. Kindly suggest us. Thank you
Found this site accidentally and since then I have become a regular follower.
Thanks a lot Mrunal for all these wonderful articles and easy to understand language !!!
Firstly thanks a lot for all the articles sir..
Sir from which section should we start CSAT paper ((now that eng comprehension ques won’t be coming)) ..??
see Arjun.prepare for english comprehension also because UPSC has not clarified yet whether it will remove it or not.i think status quo will be maintained and we have to answer all 80 ques
Thank you sir..
@GHATOTKACH who said u exam is postponed ???
mrunal sir,thanks a lot for economic survey. i m belonging to hindi medium but ur english is simple.again THANKS
Is the prelims paper for 2014 postponed or is it 2015?
CSP 2015 on 23rd August 2015.
can anyone share notes for india year book 2014?
Thanks Mrunal ….. A lot for consistent effort to educated India
Hi Mrunal,
Do you have list of MCQ’s, which are part of each article in a single PDF (uploaded)? If not, is it possible for you to do so..
Does anybody has it?
Regards,
I mean to say, consolidated single PDF of all MCQ’s in articles published till now..
CSAT exam is not anti-Hindi: Purushottam Agrawal, former UPSC member (Read this article)
http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-08-07/news/52556006_1_csat-aptitude-test-upsc
really useful work by putting in a lot of painstaking efforts …thanks a ton!!!!!!
Millennium Development Goal is baar important jaan padta hai… kyuki agle saal iska samapan hone wala hai. Mrunal Ji ho sake toh agle somwaar tak prarambhik parikshopayogi bindu bhi yadi prakashit karne ka kasht karte to hum logo ke lie achha hota. isase ek quick revision me madam milti….
CSAT पर एक सर्व दलीय बैठक 24 अगस्त के पश्चात होग. इसलिए अब परीक्षा तिथि पर विवाद निरर्थक है. मृणाल जी के काउंटडाउन को ही ध्यान में रखा जाये.
GHATOTKACH
Pagal ho gae ho kaya yaar.
information dena hi hai toa puri do na kaya baat hai tume or kuch nahi mila toa yaaha par aa kar IAS ban gae nahi.
Dear Friends,
All information about from anything please provide genuine address because this time is not for fun.
Our last stage preparation going now.
If you want then share relate to questions ask in PT 2014. This is good for all.
welcome……….
mansi, do not panic. ghototkach is a nonse guy spreading romours here and there. please focous on your study.
brundtland commission
after the completion of economy articles , please resume the current series because it contains current within the static information and also start the geography series because by reading through books it is difficult to understand. thanks mrunal sir . you are a true gem for us.
Plz anyone tells hw 2 prepare graph type mcqs(like x men do sm wrk in y days than which graph shows this relations) thnxs bt rply.. Mrunal g my most expctations to u..plz rply bcoz ktl Ki subh ab jyada dur nahi..
http://www.flipkart.com/cracking-csat-paper-2-civil-services-aptitude-test-english-4th/p/itmdzy59psxmjytf?pid=9789351411109&otracker=search_0&pageNum=1&query=cracking+the+csat
Everything which has to be prepared can not be prepared. Have faith and depend on your common sense.
common sense prevails ….. jude ( a sensible comment on this site after a long time)
Thanks sir… waititng for this articl
Railway budget is a money bill or not. … Please answer with explanation
Yes it is. Anything in or out of CFI is via a money bill
Rule 213 of the Lok Sabha says the budget may be presented in two or more parts. Trait budget isn’t an entirely different thing. It’s actually a part of annual financial statement under art112
Even on being presented in separate parts it’s considered as one. Had there been 10 parts of afs even then it would be seen as a whole.
AFS under Art112 is a money bill, so yes, rail budget is also the same.
Admin, make it static :-P. Pin it
Trait=rail
#autospell
sir plz inform us that nw english is not counted for merit .. what we should do in the csat ..do we need to attempt them or not.. plz clear the confusion
thank you
Mrunal Sir…I think MCX , spot exchange and FMC have been completely over looked. They were such a hot topic in newspapers but I could not find good notes on it in totality. Hindu only covers in pieces, no background theory. I was hoping you would write on it, but this Survey ! Even worse, those SENSEX 30 aur NIFTY 50 wala article that you called garbage has been removed. Ab bolo kya kare.
Jude refer to the powerpoints under the folder “previous lecture before suryey”=> L7-P1-capital market.
https://files.secureserver.net/0fzRqIv71qNX5Q
Ok thanks.
Here is what I could gather in 10 minutes
FMC=SEBI
MCX SX, NSEL = BSE, NSE
Spot trading=On the very spot (payment within 2 days of transaction, somewhere it said one day also)
and a forward contract is within 11 days.
Forward contract-(minus) spot=Speculation and profiteering
This was happening at NSEL
and for MCQ, commodity market also trades in Bullion, gaur gum, spices etc and physical delivery of goods also possible.
I know somethings must be wrong, but what can I do…it’s not making sense to me. Anywho…akkad bakkad bambe booo A,B,C,D
@Jude, NSEL crisis= middlemen signed T+20, T+30 type contracts, but didnot have the goods to deliver (contracts made using fake warereciepts, they were hoping to get genuine reciepts/commodities withn those 20,30 days using “Jugaad”). then FMC says convert’em all into T+10 (settle within 10 days) hence the crisis because brokers couldnt do jugaad at such short notice.
Thanks…got it
@Mrunal Sir, There is a recruitment going on for scientists at CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute,Kolkata.Last date of application is 18th aug,2014. This is the notification http://www.cgcri.res.in/datas/users/1-26_6_2014_advt_01_2014_cgcri.pdf. i found it missing from the recruitment notices of your website,though there is one of NCL. (sorry for posting out of context,wanted the message to reach mrunal sir)
pls provide some notes on biodiversity plss…
yaar rahul pata ye person k kaaran mane socha k shayad paper forward ho jaye ,is khushi me aj sham se padhi hi nhi,aasa bolta hi kyu ha ye ghotoykach.
thanxx rahul once again .
damu ap plz you tube pe dekho ,mane bhi vahi se prepare kiya ha ,try it
I bow to you mrunal sir,
I don’t know how to repay you for the knowledge learned from you, and I assure that I will spread the knowledge to the my surrounding society. Eagerly looking forward for CSAT
hello everyone…an imprtnt information i want to share with all of you ..its not about…study its about health..i knw its not the ryt tym..but i think its imprtnt…hope u all heard about generic drugs…here is way to find out those generic medcn…which are selling on higher prices in market..all you have do this…download HEALTH KART PLUS app from andriod ph…enter ur medscn name…u vl get its selling price in market also generic price with same salt in subsitute option there…hope it will help….its a good will social service..so i just shared with you..thanks…..now start study…clock is running..
thanks mrunal…….