1. How to measure inflation?
2. • WPI
   • CPI
   • WPI vs CPI difference?
   • GDP deflator
3. Steps taken by Government to curb inflation
   • Via import
   • Via bans / coercive measures
   • Via schemes
   • Via Policy/Act
4. Why Govt could not control inflation?
   • Export bans = uncertainty
   • Export bans = CAD
   • Black money and gold purchase
   • FDI and infra= No quick results
   • Environmental clearances
5. Steps taken by RBI to curb inflation
   • CRR rates
   • SLR rates
   • Why RBI couldn’t control inflation?
6. Way ahead
7. RESIDEX
8. Mock questions
   

How to measure inflation?

There are three ways

1. WPI
2. CPI
3. GDP deflator

WPI

• Wholesale price index
• Compiled by Office of Economic Adviser ->Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
• Base year 2004
• Doesn’t cover services.
• it’s calculated using Laspeyres formula.
• Items are classified into three categories

1. Primary articles
2. Fuel, power, light, lubricants
3. Manufactured products.

Earlier Government  used to give weekly primary and food inflation data based on the Wholesale Price Index. But this practice has been discontinued since 2012.

CPI

• Consumer price index
• In 2011, the CPI system was reformed

	Before 2011	After
Subtypes	There were four subtypes of CPI Agricultural Labourer (AL) Rural Labourer (RL) Industrial Workers (IW) Urban Non-Manual Employees (UNME)	Now only three subtypes of CPI Entire urban population Entire rural population Urban + Rural (consolidate from above two)
Prepared by	First three subtypes of CPI were prepared by Labour Bureau -> Ministry of Labour and Employment Last subtype was prepared by Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) -> Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.	All prepared by Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) -> Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
Baseyear	Different years for different subtypes. Agri labour=1986 rural labour=1986 Industrial workers=2001 Urban non-manual=1984	Common base year ( 2010) for all three subtypes.

WPI vs CPI difference?

	WPI	CPI (reformed in 2012)
Compiled by	Economic advisor	CSO
Ministry	Commerce ministry	Statistics ministry
Includes services?	No	Yes
Baseyear	2004	2010
Items included	676	200
Known as Headline inflation?	Yes	no
Importance	When RBI and Government make policies, they mainly pay attention to this number.	Not much

GDP deflator

• GDP deflator is calculated by Central Statistical Organisation (CSO)-> Ministry of Statistics and program implementation.
• GDP deflator =GDP @current price divided by GDP @constant price
• GDP deflator is the most comprehensive number to measure inflation, but RBI /Government  doesn’t use it much for policy making because GDP deflator data comes quarterly (and not weekly/monthly basis).

Measures to contain inflation

By	How?
Government	Taxation, Expenditure, export bans etc.
RBI	Repo, SLR, CRR

Steps taken by Government to curb inflation

Via import

1. Govt reduced import duties for wheat, onions, pulses, and crude palmolein were reduced to zero
2. Govt. allowed duty-free import of white/raw sugar.
3. Govt. imported pulses and edible oils and distributed them at subsidized rate.

Via bans / coercive measures

4. Govt. put ban on onion export for short periods of time whenever required
5. Govt. suspended futures trading in rice, urad, tur, guar gum and guar seed.
6. Govt. banned exports of edible oils (except coconut oil and forest-based oil) and edible oils.
7. Govt. imposed stock limits on certain essential commodities such as pulses, edible oil, and edible oilseeds and rice.
8. Increased excise duty on gold.

Via schemes

9. Govt. has been giving rice and wheat to poor  families at very cheap rate under the Antodyaya Anna Yojana.
10. Govt. allocated huge amount of foodgrain under the targeted PDS (TPDS).
11. government has allocated rice and wheat under the Open Market Sales Scheme (OMSS)
12. direct cash transfer.
13. Introduced Rajiv Gandhi Equity  Saving scheme (with tax benefits) to make people invest money in it, rather than in gold.

Via Policy/Act

14. Recently the government permitted FDI in multi-brand retail trading. This will improve logistical facilities connecting farmers with the final consumers and cut down the middlemen.
15. The States of Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal have recently waived the market fee on fruits and vegetables. Such waivers are expected to promote investment private sector in the infrastructure necessary for transports and processing of fruits and vegetables.
16. Budgetary provisions for improving storage and warehousing facilities, creating infrastructure for aquaculture etc.

Why Govt could not control inflation?

• From above points, it seems Government did lot of things to reduce inflation. Then why are we not seeing any good results?

Export bans = uncertainty

• Because, to fight food inflation, govt. started imposing ban on exporting some food commodities, increased and decreased the duties on import/export as necessary.
• While this may look a good solution for the short term but in long term, this creates uncertainty for businessmen, farmers.
• It reduces their incentive to produce more, because they’re not certain whether govt. will allow them to export or not? (for example Sugarcane->sugar, onion etc.)
• So indirectly, this affects employment and income of people => leads to more inflation.

Export bans = CAD

• When Government  puts ban on export of xyz item, that means India receives that much less foreign exchange (dollars). So this increases the Current Account deficit (CAD).
• When CAD increases = rupee weakens against dollar = crude oil become expensive for us = inflation in everything.

Therefore, export bans are like firefighting / short term quickfix solutions. They donot solve the fundamental problems of Indian economy, infact they worsen it in long run.

Black money and gold purchase

• All Government schemes = leakage, corruption. And corruption =black money. And black money is mostly invested in gold and real estate.
• So demand of gold forever high= high current account deficit = rupee weakens against dollar= crude oil price increases = petrol/diesel price increases = even more inflation.
• Government did try to hike excise duty, make PAN cards mandatory for high value gold purchase and even thought of putting bans on gold import. But these moves have been heavily opposed by the jeweler lobby, hence Government has shied away from doing anything “radical” to stop the gold consumption.
• Besides a small hike of 2-3% in gold excise duty doesn’t prevent those bad guys with black money from  buying gold! And  Government hasn’t done much to stop the Black money / corruption either.

FDI and infra= No quick results

• You have read and heard this ten thousand times that FDI in multibrand retail = no middlemen = less inflation in food. And similarly cold storage, and food processing infrastructure= less wastage.
• But, suppose Government allows wallmart on Monday, that doesn’t mean from Tuesday Wallmart will start running and from Wednesday inflation will be gone. All these things take months and years to get file permission, construction, hiring and training employees, setting up supply lines etc.

Environmental clearances

• Many coal and mining projects are not cleared due to environmental issues.
• This has affected the electricity and raw material supply = input cost increased in manufacturing sector=inflation.

Fiscal consolidation

Government is on the path of “fiscal consolidation” so it increased the prices of petrol, diesel and reduced the number of subsidized LPG cylinders. These moves have increased the inflation.

Steps taken by RBI to curb inflation

Let’s do a recap: from SBI mananger’s point of view

CRR	I’ve to keep this much cash aside. I cannot loan it to people. I donot earn any interest on this.
SLR	I’ve to invest this much cash in govt. securities, gold and reliable corporate bonds.
Repo	I’ve to pay this much interest rate, IF I take short term loans from RBI.
Reverse Repo	I earn this much interest rate, IF I deposit my money in RBI for short term.

So what will be the impact on liquidity when RBI changes these rates?

Rate	When rate is increased	When rate is decreased
CRR	Liquidity decreases	Liquidity increases
SLR	Liquidity decreases	Liquidity increases
Repo Rate	Liquidity decreases	Liquidity increases

• Note: RBI doesn’t need to change reverse repo rate, because they automatically keep it 1% less than repo rate. (1%= 100 basis points).
• In winter, the supply of green vegetables is high so their price goes down. But in summer, their supply is low, so price goes high. Same is the link between liquidity and interest rates.
• When liquidity increases = loan interest rate decreases.
• When liquidity decreases = loan interest rate increases = harder to get loans for home, car, bike, business.

RBI focused its monetary policy on two objectives

1. Control inflation.
2. Facilitate growth.

• But It has been very difficult to do both these things at the same time. Because if RBI wants to control inflation, then it needed to reduce the liquidity= RBI had to increase repo rate, CRR. But this type of tight” monetary policy badly affects both producers (businessmen) and consumers. Why?
• But when repo rate is increased= liquidity decreased= difficult to get loans for home, car, bike etc.= demand down + difficult for businessmen to get loans = this hurts the businessman and whatever hurts the businessmen – also hurt the GDP and employment.

To put this in refined words: the tight monetary policy of RBI decreased the flow of

credit (loan) to productive sectors of Economy and hence negatively affected the growth.

• But due to inflationary pressures, RBI followed tight monetary policy during 2010-11.
• During this period, RBI raised policy rate (repo rate) by 3.75%= repo rate was increased from 4.75 per cent to 8.5 per cent. Check the following chart.

• But this move has backfired: global economy was progressing slow  (due to problems in EU, and USA not yet fully recovered) => so, this tight monetary policy actually contributed to a sharper slowdown of Indian economy than anticipated.
• GDP growth rate fell down from good 9+% to around 5-6%.

CRR rates

Check the chart

As you can see, between 2010-11, here too, RBI kept increasing CRR rates to curb inflation. But from 2012 onwards, RBI has started decreasing the CRR.

SLR rates

As you can see, RBI hasn’t changed SLR much in last three years.

Why RBI couldn’t control inflation?

• We’re facing inflation because there is mismatch between supply and demand.
• Supply (of food, gold, houses, everything) is low
• While demand of those items (particularly food) is high (because population is high, the income levels of public has increased).
• Now think about this: What can RBI do? It can only increase the interest rates.
• While increased interest rates may decrease the demand of houses, cars, bikes but it cannot directly decrease the demand of food, milk and other essential commodities.
• In other words, Interest rates cannot change the dietary habits of people, not at least in the short term.
• Besides, high interest rates make it difficult for businessmen to borrow = less new projects = less new employment, less GDP.
• Therefore primary solution to fight India’s inflation =Increase the supply of food items.
• But this will requie thorough revision of the way govt. treats agriculture, allied activities, food processing and infrastructure. Small farms, disguised unemployment, heavy reliance on monsoon : all these issues must be addressed in comprehensive manner.

Way ahead

For RBI

• World Bank’s report (January 2013) says prices of most of the global commodity prices are expected decrease in 2013 and 14 (except for metals.)
• However, as per the assessment of RBI, global economic and financial conditions are still fragile. So they’re not providing any growth stimulus to the economy. (for example, if situation in Europe and America was good, they’d have been importing a lot more goods and services from India= India’s GDP could increase.)
• So in that context, even if RBI drastically reduces repo or CRR, that won’t do much good to economy.

For Government

• tackling the “supply side bottlenecks” take months and years.
• So in the mean time poor people must be protected from the inflation.
• That’s why govt. needs to continue giving welfare schemes and subsidies.
• But such support must be “targeted” to the right beneficiaries: that’s where UID/Aadhar, Direct cash transfer comes into picture.
• Other than that, Government  needs to continue pushing for fiscal consolidation, deregulation of sugar pricing (as per Rangarajan’s recommendations), and other policy initiatives.

On a side note:

RESIDEX

• Rural to urban migration is an inevitable part of economic growth.
• But when people migrate from rural areas to urban areas, it creates pressure on civic amenities and housing (slums).

Year	% of Indian population living in Urban areas
1951	17
2011	30
2040	50 (expected)

• Until recently, we did not have an index to capture the prices of residential buildings in urban areas.
• Hence “Residex” index was launched in 2007.
• This index records the changes in the prices of residential buildings.
• According to the RESIDEX, the housing prices have declined in Hyderabad, Banglore and Jaipur (from 2007 to 2012) but they have increased by more than 100% in Pune, Bhopal and Chennai.

Mock questions

1. Correct statements about WPI?
   1. It is released by finance ministry
   2. It classifies items into three categories 1) primary 2) fuel and fodder 3) Manufactured products and services.
   3. It is calculated using Laspeyres’ formula.
   4. None of above
2. Incorrect statements about CPI
   1. The base year is 2004-05
   2. It is calculated by Labour Bureau with the help of NSSO
   3. Both A and B
   4. Neither A or B.
3. Correct statements
   1. CPI measures price change in both goods and services.
   2. WPI measures price change in only in goods but not in services.
   3. Both A and B
   4. Neither A or B.
4. What is the formula for GDP deflator?
   1. GDP at constant price divided by current price
   2. GDP at current price divided by annual WPI
   3. WPI divided by CPI
   4. GDP at current price divided by constant price
5. What is RESIDEX?
   1. It is a drug to combat swine flu.
   2. It is a new vaccine for rabies.
   3. It is an index to capture the prices of residential buildings in urban areas.
   4. It is an index to capture the prices of residential buildings in both rural and urban areas.
6. Between March 2011 to March 2013, what was the highest Repo rate?
   1. 9.00
   2. 7.25
   3. 8.50
   4. None of Above
7. Which of the following can be used to measure inflation directly?
   1. Current Account deficit
   2. GDP deflator
   3. Fiscal deficit
   4. Purchasing power parity

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