- Prologue
- Human Development Index (HDI)
- Poverty
- Rural Infra
- Urban Infra
- Programs
- Social Security Agreements (SSAs):
Prologue
finally, the last chapter. Contains three sub-parts
1 of 3 | Human Development report 2013, poverty definition etc. |
2 of 3 | SC, ST, OBC and Minorities |
3 of 3 | Women, children, youth and PH |
- Education related GovernmentĀ schemes already done click me
- Public Health related Government schemes, already done click me
Human Development Index (HDI)
- In 1990, Mahbub ul Haq (Pak), Amartya Sen (India), developed this Human development index (HDI)
- HDI gives equal weightage to three dimensions
Dimension | Measured via (till 2010) | Changes in 2010 |
1.Health |
life expectancy @birth | Same |
2.income |
GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing-power parity (PPP US$). |
|
3.Education |
gross enrollment(1/3rd weight) + adult literacy (2/3rd weight) | via
|
HDI=Geometric Mean
- Earlier HDI was arithmetic mean [(A+B+C)/3],
- but since 2010, they have shifted to geometric mean=cube root of (A x B x C)
- why? because in Geometric mean, low achievement in one dimension is not compensated for by high achievement in another dimension.
- thus Poor performance in any dimension (health, wealth or edu) is now directly reflected in the new HDI.
HDR: last three reports
Human Development Report (HDR) is released by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (HQ=New York)
year | Tagline |
2010 | The Real Wealth of Nations: Pathways to Human Development |
2011 | Sustainability and Equity: A Better Future for All |
2013 | The Rise of the South*: Human Progress in a Diverse World |
- *The āsouthā here means the leading developing countries, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa, Turkey etc.
- By 2020, the combined economic output of three leading developing countriesāBrazil, China and Indiaāalone will surpass the aggregate production of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States.
- The middle class in the South is growing rapidly in size, income and expectations.
- The sheer number of people in the Southāthe billions of consumers and citizensāmultiplies the global human development consequences of actions by governments, companies and international institutions in the South
The 2013 Report identifies four specific areas of focus for sustaining development momentum:
- enhance equity (+women)
- enable greater voice and participation of citizens (+youth)
- confront environmental pressures
- manage demographic change
HDI index 2012
- The HDR report = released in 2013. But the HDI index (and ranking) is given for 2012.
- If a country has HDI index number close to 1=totally awesome. for example #1 rank given to Norway, it has index 0.955.
- but if their index number is close to 0=most bogus. for example bottom two Niger and Congo have 0.304
- letās check rankings of top3, BRICS, and Indiaās neighbours.
Development | Rank | Country |
Very high | 1 | Norway |
2 | Australia | |
3 | USA | |
High | 55 | Russia |
Medium | 85 | Brazil |
92 | Sri Lanka | |
101 | China | |
104 | Maldives | |
121 | S.Africa | |
136 | India | |
140 | Bhutan | |
Low | 146 | (tie) Pak and Bangladesh. |
149 | Myanmar | |
175 | Afghanistan | |
186 | (tie) Niger and Congo |
- Indiaās HDI rank in 2011=136 and in 2012=again 136. Thus rank hasnāt improved but the HDI index number has improved. Although Index value has improved (from 0.551 to 0.554).
- by the way, if you want to see the whole ranking of all countries, then simply download this PDF file and goto page 15. click me
Tie in HDI?
- for the first time, HDR has introduced the concept of ātieā.
- if two countries have same HDI index number upto 3 decimal points, then theyāre given same rank.
- for example, Ireland and Sweden, each with an HDI value of 0.916, are both ranked #7 in the new HDI.But then next rank is skipped that means Switzerland who is next in the line, will get 9th rank and not 8th.
Similarly there is tie between:
- Hongkong + Iceland (for 13th rank)
- Austria + Singapore (18th rank)
- Finland + Slovania (21st rank)
- Lituania + UAE ; Pak+Bangla and so on.
total countries evaluated = 187. (although last rank is 186. but there is tie for last place and whenever there is “tie”, next rank is skipped. Hence total is 187: courtesy Mr.Palas Nuwal.)
Experimental Indexes
2010ās HDR report introduced three experimental index viz
- Inequality adjusted HDI (IHDI)
- Gender Inequality IndexĀ (GII)
- Multidimensional Poverty Index. (MPI)
HDR-2013 also published these indexes.
#1: Inequality adjusted HDI (IHDI)
- The (normal/main) HDI represents a national average of human development in three basic dimensions: health, education and income.
- but Like all averages, HDI conceals disparities in human development across the population within the same country.
- Inequality adjusted HDI captures this inequality within the same country.
- In terms of Inequality adjusted HDI, India ranks 91st while Norway again ranks 1st.
#2: Gender Inequality Index?
- Gender Inequality Index (GII) reflects womenās disadvantage in three dimensionsā
Dimension | Measured via |
1.Reproductive Health |
|
2.Empowerment |
|
3.Labour Market |
Womenās participation in the work force. |
- India ranks 132 here. 1st rank goes to Netherlands.
- The GII ranges from 0 (=men and women treated equally) to 1 (extreme inequality between men and women).
- India got score of 0.610 (meaning there is lot of inequality between men and women). Netherland scores only 0.045 (=very close to 0)
#3: Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
- Identifies multiple deprivations at the individual level in health, education and standard of living.
- Each person in a given household is classified as poor or non-poor depending on the number of deprivations his or her household experiences.
Anyways enough talk about international HDR, letās get back to desi topics.
Poverty
- Planning Commission estimates poverty using data from the large sample surveys on household consumer expenditure.
- These surveys are carried out by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) every five years.
- Planning Commission defines poverty line on the basis of monthly per capita consumption expenditure (MPCE).
Survey year | (MPCE) in Rs. | % of Poors (Tendulkar Method) | |||
Rural | Urban | Rural | Urban | Overall | |
2004-05 | 447 | 579 | 41.8 | 25.7 | 37.2 |
2009-10 | 673 | 860 | 33.8 | 20.9 | 29.8 |
2011: Planning Commissionās affidavit in Supreme court
PovertyLine | Spending Rs. | |
Monthly | Daily | |
Urban | 965 | 32 |
Rural | 781 | 26 |
- 2012: Planning Commission setup an Expert Group under Dr.C. Rangarajan to ‘Review the Methodology for Measurement of Poverty’.
Tendulkar vs Saxena?
Chief | Suresh Tendulkar (died in 2011) | Dr.NC Saxena |
setup by | Planning Commission | Rural Development Ministry |
Setup in | 2005 | 2009 |
Submitted reported in | 2009 | |
Objective? |
|
|
Recommendation? |
|
|
Saxena vs Sengupta?
Chief | Dr.NC Saxena | Arjun Sengupta |
Who set it up? | Check the previous table! | MSME ministry |
Why was it setup? |
|
|
Why controversy?* | He says atleast 50% Indian Junta is BPL. | He says 77% of Indian junta is BPL. |
*but as per Tendulkarās method only ~37% junta is BPL in 2004-05 and this number has further declined to ~30% in 2009!
Rural Infra
- Bharat Nirman- most of it already covered in previous articles. hence giving just selective updates/points.
Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) |
|
(draft) Homestead bill, 2013 |
|
Rural drinking water |
|
TSC |
|
Urban Infra
JNNURM | Already done in earlier article. |
RAY |
|
ILCS |
|
Major Programs
Poverty removal / employment generation | Social security |
|
Insurance related: example
Note: above schemes already covered in the article on 5th chapter click me |
Pension related:NPS lite, NSAP etc: they too were covered in old articles. check www.Mrunal.org/economy |
MNREGA
- under Ministry of Rural Development
- at least one hundred days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year
- to every rural household (and not to every individual)
- unskilled manual work (machinery, contractors not allowed)
- one-third participation of women.
Major recent initiatives under the MGNREGA
- basket of permissible activities has been expanded
- Electronic fund management system (eFMS) to reduce delay in payment of wages
- for drought-affected talukas/ blocks: Additional employment over and above 100 days per household.
- Aadhaar to prevent leakage and ghost accounts.
- Convergence with the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC).
- funding Centre: State=90:10
- wage: material ratio=60:40
- Social audit, Ombudsman, unemployment allowance
Aajeevika
- original name= Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY).
- later name changed to= National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM).
- again name changed to āAajeevika.ā (Instead of renaming it twice, they could have saved the mental trouble for UPSC aspirants by directly naming it after you know who!)
Aajeevika: salient features
- self-employment programme
- to lift the assisted rural poor families (swarozgaris) above the poverty line
- gives them income-generating assets through a mix of bank credit and government subsidy.
- one woman member from each identified rural poor household to be brought under the SHG network,
- ensuring 50 per cent of the beneficiaries from SC/STs, 15 per cent from minorities, and 3 per cent persons with disability while keeping in view the ultimate target of 100 per cent coverage of BPL families
- training, innovation, capacity building and other fancy stuff.
Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY):
- to providing gainful employment to the urban unemployed and underemployed
- helps them set up self-employment ventures or
- creating wage employment opportunities.
- Curiously, unlike SGSY this scheme hasnāt been renamed.
Social Security Agreements (SSAs):
- SSAs are bilateral instruments to protect Indian professionals working abroad (including self-employed)
- SSAs facilitate mobility of professionals between two countries.
- SSAs exempting them from double payment of social security contributions.
- SSA also provides for exportability and totalization in case of contributions made in foreign country.
- exportability of social security benefits when person relocates to India or any other country after having made the due social security contribution.
- totalization of the periods of contribution made in both countries for the purpose of assessing eligibility for the benefit/pension in each country.
- 2006: 1st SSA signed between India and Belgium
- So far India has signed 17 SSAs with Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, France, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Hungary, Denmark, Czech Republic, Republic of Korea, Norway, Finland, Canada, Sweden, Japan, Austria and recently with Pourtugal.
Mock questions after 3rd part is finished.
thanks!!!
Sreesanth … hahaaha ..
Thank you, Mrunal, for all the hard work. It helps us a great deal, esp. at the last moment. I love your jokes- SALSA, Sreesanth, etc. :P They’re refreshing after a hard day’ work. :) Thank you once again. God bless!
thanx boss…plz update remaining parts of this chapter as early as possible:)
great work……..thanks a lot…
UPSC declared 2012 Prelims marks…just for info.
thanks a lot mrunal sir for such a nice article…your guidance is very help full in this marathon.
ya thats true SSA is 17
india also has the tie with equatorial guinea.
Are you referring to SSAs? I googled to check but couldn’t find any such info.
Appreciations for your effort.
Kindly discriminate b/w “methodology for BPL Census” AND “Poverty estimation”.
Isn’t former lead to later?
(u’ve highlighted this in Tendulkar vs N C Saxena section)
TIA.
u r the best :)
Is’nt India’s rank 134 in HDR with HDI being 0.547
Also is’nt India’s rank 129 in GII with value being o.492?
Thankful to you for such beautiful articles. But the link under SOCIAL SECUIRITY AGREEMENTS heading not getting open. Please help!
thanks!
[i]”Give a man a fish, and you feed him for a day; show him how to catch fish, and you feed him for a lifetime[/i]
I have been following this website for almost 6 months now . sir i have always wondered from where you get these info . Can you pls tell the source so that we can also refer from that
sir i m planning to write UPSC exam on 26th may… it is almost the last leg now… i m happy with my preparation except for environment/ecology part.. in fact even after reading about it, i am not confident and have not been able to solve previous years questions…. please reply as soon as possible
mrunal sir official website shown GII india’s ranking as per economic survey 129th. but you mentioned in this article 132. please conform.
India’s rank in GII is shown 132 as per the page 24 in HRD 2013 highlight PDF released by UNDP.
Thanks Mrunal..
Small Correction:
In 2011, HDI was 134, but now it is 136. But in the article it was mentioned as 136 for both.
SJSRY will now be replaced with NULM(National Urban Livelihood Mission)
http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=95038
Thanks a lot sir.
it is immensely useful
i am addicted to it
India’s rank in HDI in 2011 is 134
Thank you very much mrunal sir
It is mentioned that the rank based on HDI for India was 136 in 2011 but it was 134. India holds 136th place according to HDR 2012
Sir, I request you to add the Rangarajan committee report on poverty