- Prologue
- Metals vs. Non-metals vs. Metalloid
- Gas: Properties
- Mendeleev’s table: Characteristics
- Possible MCQs
Prologue
- Continuing on…This article contains revision note out of Chapter 3, 4 and 5 of Chemistry Class11.
- Chapter 4 mostly ignored because it deals with Chemical Bonding And Molecular Structure, The valence bond (VB) approach, The VSEPR model, molecular orbital (MO) theory and other technical things.
Semi-metals or Metalloids: silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony and tellurium show properties that are characteristic of both metals and non- metals.
Liquids: Properties
- Liquids have definite volume because molecules do not separate from each other.
- Liquids can flow, they can be poured, because their Molecules can move past one another freely.
- Liquids can assume the shape of the container in which these are stored.
- Liquids may be considered as continuation of gas phase into a region of small volume and very strong molecular attractions.
- Physical properties of liquid = (1) vapour pressure (2) surface tension (3) viscosity. These are due to strong intermolecular attractive forces.
Liquids: Vapour Pressure
- liquid evaporates and pressure exerted by vapour on the walls of the container (vapour pressure)
- The normal boiling point of water is 100 °C (373 K), its standard boiling point is 99.6 °C (372.6 K).
- Standard boiling point of the liquid is slightly lower than the normal boiling point because 1 bar pressure is slightly less than 1 atm pressure.
- Liquids at high altitudes boil at lower temperatures in comparison to that at sea level, because at high altitudes atmospheric pressure is low. (important for assertion-reasoning)
- In hills, water boils at low temperature therefore, Pressure cooker is used for cooking food.
- In hospitals surgical instruments are sterilized in autoclaves. Autoclaves increase the boiling point of water by increasing the pressure above the atmospheric pressure by using a weight covering the vent.
- Boiling does not occur when liquid is heated in a closed vessel.
Liquid: UPSC Surface Tension
Surface tension is responsible for following events (important for MCQ):
- Small drops of mercury form spherical bead instead of spreading on the surface.
- Particles of soil at the bottom of river remain separated but they stick together when taken out.
- Liquid rise (or fall) in a thin capillary as soon as the capillary touches the surface of the liquid.
- On flat surface, droplets are slightly flattened by the effect of gravity; but in the gravity free environments, the liquid drops will be perfectly spherical.
Principle: Liquids tend to minimize their surface area. Surface tension denoted by Gamma, its SI unit NM-1
Liquids: Viscosity & Laminar flow
- Viscosity is a measure of resistance to flow which arises due to the internal friction between layers of fluid
- SI unit of viscosity coefficient= 1 newton second per square metre = pascal second
- CGS unit of viscosity coefficient = Poise (named after great scientist Jean Louise Poiseuille).
- Greater the viscosity, the more slowly the liquid flows.
- Viscosity of liquids decreases as the temperature rises.
- Glass is an extremely viscous liquid- so viscous that many of its properties resemble solids.
- Windowpanes of old buildings- they become thicker at bottom than at top. This is because of liquid flow property of glass.
- Laminar flow is type of flow in which there is a regular gradation of velocity in passing from one layer to the next.
Gas: Properties
- Gases are highly compressible
- Gases exert pressure equally in all directions.
- Gases have much lower density than the solids and liquids.
- Gases can assume volume and shape of the container. Their volume and the shape of gases are not fixed.
- Under suitable temperature and pressure conditions gases can be liquified
- Gases mix evenly and completely in all proportions without any mechanical aid.
- The noble gases exhibit very low chemical reactivity because all of their orbitals completely filled by electrons. Very difficult to add/remove electrons from it. (Example: helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon, and element 118)
- 11 elements exist as gases.
Gas Laws
Robert Boyle,Anglo-Irish |
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Charles’ Law |
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Gay Lussac’s Law |
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Avogadro Law,Italy, 1811 | Volume – Amount RelationshipEqual volumes of all gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules.As long as the temperature and pressure remain constant, the volume depends upon number of molecules of the gas V=k4n. |
STP |
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Dalton Partial pressure, 1801 |
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gas liquification |
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Periodic Table
chemist | table name |
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Johann Dobereiner (German) | Triads |
AEB De Chancourtois (French) | cylindrical table |
Lothar Meyer (German) | His table closely resembles the Modern Periodic Table. But his work published after Mendeleev. Therefore, Mendeleev credited with Modern Periodic Table. |
Mendeleev’s table: Characteristics
- Russian Chemist Mandeleev (1834-1907) wrote famous textbook “Principles of Chemistry”
- Modern Periodic based on 3 principles: (1) physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. (2) aufbau (build up) principle (3) Electronic configuration of atoms provide a theoretical foundation for the periodic classification.
- He arranged elements in horizontal rows (periods- in increasing atomic weights.)
- And vertical columns (groups- they’ve same electron configuration in outer orbit).
- The elements with similar properties occupied the same vertical column or group.
- Left gaps for the elements that were not found in his time, predicted the elements that were yet to be found.
- Element with atomic number 101, as Mendelevium- is named in honor of this scientist.
- If new element discovered, its permanent name and symbol are given by a vote of IUPAC representatives from each country.
- As per IUPAC note, latest element is 118 but its credit yet to be given.
- Chemical reactivity is highest at the two extremes of a period and is lowest in the centre.
- Highly reactive elements do not occur in nature in Free State; they usually occur in the combined form.
- Oxides of elements on left are basic
- Oxides of elements on the right are acidic
- Oxides of elements in the centre are amphoteric or neutral.
Block elements
We can classify the elements into four blocks depending on the type of atomic orbitals that are being filled with electrons
s-block | Group 1 (alkali metals) and Group 2 (alkaline earth metals) |
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p-block | Representative Elements or Main Group Elements |
d-block |
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f-block |
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Possible MCQs
- Which of the following metals exist as liquid?
- Find correct statements about (1) metal (2) Non-metal (3) Metalloid (4) Gases (5) ideal gas (6) Modern Periodic table
- Which of the following events are caused by surface tension?
- Viscosity depends on which of the following factors?
- Match the following: scientist vs. gas law, block-element vs characteristic
EXTRA SHOTS :
1. The f-block elements ( Lanthenides along with Sc+Y+La = total 17) are also known as RARE EARTH METALS.
Because of there unique magnetic, luminescent and electromagnetic property, these elements are vital in modern
technologies viz. Space engineering, consumer electronics,computer,clean energy,defence etc etc.
Glass is no longer considered a liquid, it falls under the category of amorphous solids /non-crystalline solid.
both s-block and p-block elements are called Representative Elements
Apart from Mercury and Gallium, are there any other metal which are liquid?
Additional Point:
Lanthanoids are also called as Rare Earth Element (Total 17, as per International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry, IUPAC) with Scandium (Sc) and Yttrium (Y).
thank you very much
Hi Mrunal sir, Venkat sir,
Thank you for your time.
thanks,
swaroop
mrunal sir . .. i think upsc will focus more on environment chemistry
tq
What is your Message? Search before asking questions & confine discussions to exams related matter only. I Mrunal team really your efferts will be appre..t. bcs without any coaching we can pass the cvl srvc exam. your works bringing a new type scope. analyse the given matter is very very… understandable to the new aspirants. such as us.
thanq u lot of sir for helping us
Thank you ..sir…
Thanks a lot Mrunal Sir, Your work is being unparalleled!!
Science and technology is going to be big part this year to provide level playing field for Engineers too (as they virtually removed csat)!!
which articles are relevant today in Science-tech portions. Is articles having Hindu-summary of two three years ago are also useful.