- Prologue
- The Basics
- Space programs: India
- Space programs: USA (NASA)
- Space Programs: Russia
- Space Programs: China
- Space Programs: Other countries
- Telescopes
- PIN: Persons in News (Space)
- Mock Questions
Prologue
Previous I released two Current Affairs compilations (2012-13)
Now moving to the third article on the series: Space tech.
For competitive exams, the Space tech is further divided into two parts:
Part | What? | Source |
|
Basic info on planets, stars, supernova, big bang theory, blackholes etc. | NCERT science textbooks/ GS Manual / GK books. |
|
Various space programs, satellites telescopes, astronauts in news. | Newspaper, magazine, internet. |
When it comes to MCQs (space tech):
- Both theory and current affairs are important for For SSC CGL (Tier 1), UPSC CSAT, CDS, NDA, CAPF, State PSC prelims exams.
- However, for IBPS, SBI, LIC type exams, they usually dont go into theory. If they want to ask space related questions, they generally ask it from the current affairs portion.
When it comes to Descriptive paper (Mains) of UPSC / State PSC
- For space tech related questions, only current affairs is important (mostly 2 marker, 5 marker questions.) The theory portion doesn’t come into picture, in the descriptive papers.
- The best way to prepare ^this (for mains)= maintain notes out of newspapers and magazines throughout the year, and revise it often.
Mainly there are two types of players in competitive exam (based on their approach for Space-Tech):
- Those who donot prepare space tech at all, thinking “Thik hai…for 2-3 marks, why bother at all!?”
- Those who prepare too much space tech e.g. On April 18, 2001, at 04.22PM, GSLV-1 was launched. Its weight was 1540 kg and height was 49m….
Either approach is dangerous. Keep the middle path.
The Basics
- before dwelling into ready revision of Space-Tech current affairs, I’m going to write about a few basic concepts.
- Please note: following ‘basics’ are not necessarily technically correct. They’re just meant to help you visualize and remember things.
Basic: What does ISRO do?
- When something is sent to space, it can be Manned (with astronauts) or Unmanned (without astronauts).
- The unmanned missions have two things:
Examples | |
One Launch Vehicle | PSLV, GSLV |
One or More Satellite(s) | INSAT, RISAT, CARTOSAT. |
sometimes, instead of satellites, it can be rovers, space telescopes.
- The Launch Vehicle (e.g. PSLV, GSLV) sends the satellite(s) into the space.
- After covering a particular distance, the satellite (e.g. INSAT, GISAT) gets detached from the Launch Vehicle.
- Then Satellite opens up its wings like a butterfly from cocoon. Those wings have solar panels, they provide electricity to the satellite.
- Satellite rotates around the earth and sends signals to and fro- thus it helps in telecommunication, TV signal broadcasting, disaster/weather monitoring, sea navigation etc.
- If we put the satellite @35800 km in the equatorial plane, it’ll appear “fixed” from any point on earth, and we’ll call it a Geostationary satellite.
- And the Launch vehicle then returns back to Earth, usually falling in the ocean or uninhibited land. The scientists collect the launch vehicle and re-use its parts for next mission.
Basics: ISS
- ISS= International space station.
- ISS is like a hostel in the space. Astronauts go there, stay for some weeks/ months do some observation, research, repairwork and come back home.
- US, Japan, Russia, Canada and many other countries have invested in this ISS space station.
- But China is not a partner in ISS project. China wants to build its own Space station. That’s were Shenzhous-9 and Tiangong-1 come into picture.
Basics: Tiangong and Shenzhou
- Tiangong-1= means “heavenly palace”.
- This is China’s experimental space station. So this is the “hostel” for Chinese astronauts in space.
- Ok but how will you send Chinese astronauts to this “heavenly palace”? Ans. Via Shenzhou spacecraft.
- Shenzhou means “Divine vessel.”
- In 2012, China used this “divine vessel” (Shenzhou 9) to send its first female astronaut Liu Yang to that “Heavenly palace” (Tiangong-1)
- In 2013, China will send more astronauts to that Heavenly palace (Tiangong-1), using Shenzhou 10.
Basics: Atlantis Space shuttle
- Ok recap again, to send satellites in the space, you need a launch vehicle (e.g. PSLV, GSLV).
- Similarly to send people into space, you need a space craft / rocket e.g. China’s Shenzhou. America’s Atlantis and Russia’s Soyuz also do the same thing.
- The Atlantis is a space shuttle of NASA. It looks like an airplane.
- Atlantis can be used for launching space telescopes, satellites as well as people in to the space, as per the mission requirements.
- And Atlantis can come back and land on earth like a regular airplane (except that during the landing, Atlantis will open parachute to reduce its speed).
- It had carried 33 missions from 1985 to 2011
- Atlantis was retired in 2012.
- Columbia is another example of NASA’s Space Shuttle. But in 2003, it crashed during re-entering into Earth’s atmosphere.
- India born female astronaut Kalpana Chawla died in this accident. We named our Weather satellite after her (KALPANA-1).
Basics: Soyuz spacecraft
- Just like China uses “divine vessel” (Shenzhou) to send people into space, similarly Russia uses Soyuz to send people into space.
- In 2012, three astronauts (including Sunita Williams) were sent to International space station (ISS) using Soyuz.
Basics: spacewalking
- There are two types of missions/probes: Manned and unmanned.
- Manned = sending people into space.
- But what do people do in the space?
- They go to moon, hoist the flag of their nations, E.g. Neil Armstrong.
- They spend a few months on the international space station (ISS) or Heavenly Palace (Tiangong) or similar “hostel” (space station. E.g. India’s first astronaut Rakesh Sharma spent 8 days in a Russian space station.
- But often the outside body a spacecraft/hostel (space station) requires some repairing, maintenance or upgrades.
- So, when astronaut goes out of the spacecraft, wearing that white suit and ballon shaped helmet and does some walking/repairing work, that is known as “spacewalk”.
- Currently Sunita Williams holds the longest spacewalk record for females. (50+ hours). For males, it is Anatoly Solovyev (77+ hours).
- By the way, Sunita Williams also holds the record for the longest single spaceflight by a woman. (195 days).
Basics: Dragon capsule
- Ok so far we know there are “hostels” in the space (e.g. ISS, Tiangong). People go there, spend a few weeks / months. But if it is a hostel, it’d require food and supplies.
- A private company (Space X) has designed the “Dragon capsule” to deliver the food and supplies to space stations.
- It successfully delivered cargo to ISS space station in 2012.
Basics: Anti-satellite missiles
- We have learned the importance of launch vehicles, satellites and space stations.
- But if an enemy shoots down our satellites then our banking and sharemarket system will collapse, Our army, navy and airforce will not be able to attack back effectively, and more importantly juntaa will not be able to watch IPL matches and saas-bahu serials or log into facebook and orkut.
- Back in 2007, Chinese military used an Anti-Satellite missile to destroy its own weather satellite. This made Americans (and Indians) very nervous.
- But we have Agni-V missile. It has range of 5000kms. If we make some modifications in it, we can also use it to destroy enemy satellites. So now China is also nervous.
Basics part is over. now let’s get to business: Space Tech related current affairs (2012-13) for rapid revision. First we’ll look at the space programs of India, US, Russia, China and other countries. Then we’ll look at telescopes and Persons in News (Space)
Space programs: India
- Carried out by Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)
- Chairman=Dr. K. Radhakrishnan. He had replaced G Madhavan Nair. (First Chairman of ISRO was Vikram Sarabhai.)
HQ | Banglore |
Satish Dhawan Space centre | Shriharikota, Andhra. We usually launch satellites from here. (or from French Guiana in S.America). |
Physics research lab | Ahmedabad |
Antrix | Banglore |
India’s Launch Vehicles: PSLV vs GSLV
PSLV |
GSLV |
Polar satellite launch vehicle | Geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle |
Can carry upto 1600 kg satellite | 2500kg |
Used for launching Indian remote sensing satellites (IRS) such as CARTOSAT, RISAT, OCEANSAT, RESOURCESAT | For launching Indian National satellites (INSAT) such as INSAT 2E, 3A…., GSAT-2,8,12. |
Latest version is PSLV-XL. Can carry upto 1750 kg. It was used to launch Chandrayaan, RISAT. And in future, it’ll be used for Mars mission as well. | Next version is GSLV MK-III, can carry upto 4000kg |
India’s Satellites: IRS vs INSAT
IRS |
INSAT |
Indian remote sensing satellites | Indian National satellites (INSAT) |
Monitoring natural resources, crops, minerals, forest cover etc. | Telecom, TV broadcast, DTH, weather forecasting, telemedicine, tele-education, search and rescue etc. |
Launched using PSLV. | Using GSLV. |
Examples of IRS = CARTOSAT, RISAT, OCEANSAT, RESOURCESAT | Examples of INSAT= INSAT-2E, 3A,…. And GSAT-2,8,12. |
Now let’s take a look at the satellites that have been in news recently (or mentioned in Yearbook)
Aditya-1 |
|
Astrosate-1 |
|
CARTOSAT-3 |
|
GISAT |
|
GSAT-10 |
|
GSAT-7 |
|
INSAT-2E |
|
INSAT-3D |
|
RISAT-1 |
|
SARAL |
|
- ISRO’s first mission was to send aryabhatta Satellite into space. But at that time we did not have our own launch vehicle, so we used a Russian launch vehicle.
- Today ISRO has both Satellite + Launch vehicle. And we not only send our own satellites, we also help other countries send their satellites into space, using our launch vehicles. (ofcourse after taking cash for providing the “Taxi/courier” service.)
- For these type of commercial activities, ISRO takes help of Antarix.
- Antarix is a Government owned company, it works as the marketing and commercial arm of ISRO.
ISRO’s 100th mission
- ISRO’s 100th mission was launched from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriarikota, Andhra Pradesh.
- Here, ISRO launched two foreign satellites using PSLV launch vehicle. The name of satellites are:
- SPOT 6: French satellite
- Proiteres: Japanese micro satellite
- By the way, recall that ISRO’s 101st mission was GSAT 10. And GSAT 10 is the heaviest satellite ISRO has launched so far. (because 100th mission is extremely clichéd and blown out of proportion, so if UPSC wants to apply its BackbreakingTM move, it’d rather ask about 99th or 101st mission hahaha).
India’s own GPS: IRNSS
At present only three countries have their own global navigation systems
USA | GPS |
Russia | GLONASS. More discussed in earlier article click me |
China | Beidou |
- To deploy a global navigation system, you need to setup lots of satellites hovering around the world, so they can scan and sent pinpoint location of anywhere to anywhere.
- During the Iraq war, the Americans sent wrong GPS navigation signals to the Iraqi jets and missiles, therefore Iraqis could not attack Americans forces in accurate manner.
- Moral of the story = Don’t rely on other people’s navigation system.
- For the short term, We (India) are designing our missiles and fighter jets in such way that they can use both GPS (American) and GLONASS (Russian) signals for navigation. (so if we want to attack America or its ally, we can rely on GLONASS and vice versa.)
- But for long term, we will need our own GPS like system. Therefore, ISRO is developing IRNSS.
- IRNSS= Indian regional navigational satellite system.
- Now if you connect the dots: we need our own GPS (IRNSS) so we can accurately attack enemies. And we will need our own Anti-satellite missile, to shoot down satellites of enemies so their GPS cannot work accurately.
GAGAN
- GPS aided geo augmented navigation’ (gagan)
- It is a joint effort by the ISRO and the Airports Authority Of India (AAI).
- It’s main use is to help Air traffic control and helps pilots fly / land aircrafts in bad weather.
- But as the name suggests “GPS aided …” meaning it is not a separate independent navigation system. It depends on GPS (American navigation system). Therefore we need IRNSS.
Space Vision India 2025
This is what ISRO plans to for future:
- Use satellites for rural connectivity, security and mobile services
- Increase imaging capability for natural resource management, weather and climate change studies
- Get better understanding of solar system and universe
- explore planets.
- Develop Heavy lift launcher
- Develop Reusable Launch Vehicles.
- Send Humans to space.
Cryogenic Engine
- Cryogenic engines work at very low temperature.
- ISRO is developing cryogenic engines
- for GSLV launch vehicles.
- for Chandrayaan-2 moon mission
- earlier ISRO had tried this in 2010 but it was an #EPICFAIL.
Chandrayaan-1
- It was India’s first unmanned moon mission.
- It found evidence of water on Moon. It also did the surved the topography, craters, polar regions and environment of Moon.
- This happened in 2008 hence too old and too clichéd to be asked for MCQs.
- ISRO is now working on Chandrayaan-2 joint programme with the Russian Federal Space Agency, But Russians suffered a setback due to their Phobos grunt mission.
Mars Mission
- India planning a Mars mission similar to Curiosity mission of NASA. (probably in October/November 2013.)
- Mohan made official announcement about this during Independence day speech.
- Mars mission will be launched using PSLV-XL.
- PSLV-XL is the most powerful version of PSLV launch vehicle. Earlier it was used for Chandrayaan Mission, RISAT and GSAT-12.
This leads to Essay / group discussion / interview topic that when millions of Indians are suffering from poverty and malnutrition, what’s point of spending crores of rupees on Moon and Mars mission? But this article is written for MCQs, so let’s not dwell into that for the moment.
Space programs: USA (NASA)
- NASA=National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
- There is no end to NASA missions either, but from the current affairs point of view, I would classify them into three: 1) Mars related 2) Moon related 3) Misc.
USA: MARS related
Curiosity
- This is Maha clichéd topic for MCQs but anyways…
- Name of the mission is MSL: Mars Science laboratory.
- Under this MSL mission, NASA launched Curiosity rover to Mars in 2011.
- In 2012, Curiosity rover successfully landed on Mars surface.
- This mission has following aims
- Did life ever exist on Mars?
- Find presence of water, and other life supporting elements.
- Collect data related to geology, radiation levels etc. for planning next manned mission to Mars.
Device on Curiosity | Function |
CHEMIN |
|
TLS | Tunable Laser Spectrometer (TLS)
|
Gale Crater
- Located on Mars planet.
- Curiosity rover landed here and found signs that water may have flowed in the past through this Gale Crater.
Black Beauty
- It is a 320 gram space rock from Mars.
- Discovered in Morocco’s Sahara Desert in 2011
- It contains more water than any other Martian meteorite previously found.
- could unlock vital clues to the evolution of Mars.
NASA: Moon related
NASA: Misc. Missions
Cassini |
|
Dragon Space X |
|
Fire Fly Cubesat |
|
Kepler telescope |
|
Mercury Messenger |
|
NuSTAR |
|
PREDICCS |
|
Space Programs: Russia
Luna Glob |
Robotic Lunar Mission in 2015. |
Mars500 |
Joint experiments conducted by EU, Russia, China for sending human missions on Mars. |
Phobos Grunt |
Mars has two moons. Phobos is the largest of them.Russian sent Phobos grunt mission to study it. But the spacecraft failed and crashed into Pacific ocean. |
Rus |
Name of the two seater spaceship developed by Russia |
Soyuz rocket |
Launched from Kazakhstan, carried three astronauts to International space station (ISS), including Sunita Williams in 2012. |
Space Programs: China
Space Programs: Other countries
Korea |
|
Iran |
|
Telescopes
- There are two types of telescopes:
- Those on the ground (e.g. SKA, Solar telescope in Ladakh) and
- Those in the space. (Kepler, NuSTAR, HXMT and Herschel.)
- ^this list is not exhaustive, but these telescopes were in news recently.
Ground telescopes
Space telescopes
PIN: Persons in News (Space)
Liu Yang | first Chinese woman astro. |
Neil Armstrong | Apollo 11. 1969. First man to land on moon. Dead. |
Sally Ride | First American woman astro. Dead. A Moon crate named after her. |
Sunita Williams | Longest space walk (female).Took command of international space station in Sep 12. |
Dr. K. Radhakrishnan | ISRO Chairman. |
Finally two topics:
- CERN, God particle= https://mrunal.org/2012/08/snt-cern.html
- Blue Moon= https://mrunal.org/2012/08/snt-blue-moon.html
Ok so these were the notable Space tech related events/ terms happened during Jan 2012 to March 2013. If you feel any important thing was missed, or if there is any correction, do write it in the comments below.
Mock Questions
- Which of the following country is not associated with International space station?
- Canada
- Russia
- Japan
- China
- Correct Statements
- Tiangong-1 is the experimental space telescope of China.
- Shenzhou-9 is the name of Chinese space station
- Both
- None
- Longest spacewalk record for Female Astronauts is held by
- Kalpana Chawla
- Sally James
- Liu Yang
- Sunita Williams
- Which of the following is not a telescope?
- Hubble
- Kepler
- NuStar
- Beidou
- Incorrect Statement
- Antrix is a privately owned company of Airtel.
- Antrix is the commerical and Marketing arm of ISRO
- Both
- None
- Find Incorrect Match
- French Guiana=in North Africa
- Satish Dhawan Space centre=Banglore
- Physics Research lab= Pune
- All of above
- Correct Statements about Dragon Capsule
- It was designed by Nasa
- It was used for delivering cargo to International space station.
- Both
- None
- Incorrect Statements
- Indian Remote Sensing satellites are launched using GSLV.
- Indian National satellites are launched using PSLV.
- Both
- None
- Correct Statements about PSLV-XL
- It is a launch vehicle, used in Chandrayaan.
- It’ll be used in India’s Mars Mission.
- Both
- None
- Incorrect statements about Indian remote sensing satellites
- They are used for monitering natural resources.
- They’re launched using GSLV.
- CARTOSAT and RISAT are examples of Remote sensing satellites.
- None of Above.
- Incorrect Match
- Aditya: Solar Coronas
- Cartosat-3: high resolution mapping
- GSAT-10: India’s heaviest satellite so far
- SARAL: Indo-Japanese Tsunami prediction satellite.
- Correct Match
- Spot-6: Japan
- Proiteres: France
- Beidou: Japan
- None of above
- Find the Odd sequence
- GLONASS, Beidou, IRNSS
- NuSTAR, HXMT, Herschel
- GAGAN, PISHGAM, SARAL
- None of Above
- which of the following country doesn’t have its own Global Navigation system?
- Russia
- China
- Japan
- None of Above
- which of the following is not the main aim of ISRO’s Space vision 2025?
- Develop reusable launch vehicles
- Develop India’s own space station.
- Send humans to space
- Use satellites for rural connectivity, security and mobile services.
- Name of the mission under which Nasa sent a rover to Mars in 2011?
- MSL
- Curiosity
- Pegasus
- None of Above
- Gale Crater is located in
- Mercury
- Saturn
- Mars
- Moon
- Black Beauty is a space rock from
- Moon
- Mars
- Saturn
- Mercury
- Who/ What is Sally Ride?
- First female astronaut of USA
- A Place on Moon where two NASA spacecrafts crash-landed.
- Both of above
- None of Above
- What is the purpose of GRAIL mission?
- Study the gravity field of Moon
- Study the gravity field of Mars
- Study the gravity field of Mercury
- Study the gravity field of Venus
- Correct Statement
- Titan is one of the moon of Mars
- Phobos is one of the moon of Saturn
- Both
- None
- What is/ are common between NuSTAR and HXMT
- Both will are space telescopes used for finding black holes.
- Both are launched by NASA under Pegasus mission.
- Both A and B
- Neither A or B
- Beidou is the
- Space station of China
- Mars mission of China
- Global navigation system of China
- None of above
- World’s Largest radio telescope:
- Herschel
- HXMT
- Hubbles
- Square Kilometer Array
- In 2012, Sunita Williams went to ISS using which of the following spacecraft?
- Atlantis
- Discovery
- Soyuz
- None of Above
@mrunal sir..thank u o much. can be prelims cleared in 60 days preparation? we need to qualify both paper 1 and paper2 seperately or total of both can suffice? plz help sir…waiting for article on 60 days preparation
Well said sir.
ok
Hello Mrunal Sir,
I am a big fan of yours, but I would like to differ here…
I just started my preps in March 2013, but I am looking forward to clear prelims this year itself..
As per strategies discussed by you, there’s a chance( provided one has good apti skills, and one can finish bipin chandra+ramesh singh+ laxmikant+ncert’s+the hindu(relevant as told by mrunal sir).
By finish, I mean not level 1
MR BHUSHAN ,
CAN YOU PLEASE ENLIGHTEN ME WITH THE WITH THE APPROX TIME ESTIMATED BY YOU FOR COVERING THESE TOPICS , MOREOVER IN BIPIN CHANDRA HAVE YOU TAKEN IN CONSIDERATION HIS BOTH BOOKS .. IE INDIAS STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE AND AFTER INDEPENDENCE. :)
thanks sir,
please update for bank po exams also,we will be thankful 2 u
1. D
2. D
3. D
4. D
5. B
6. D
7. B
8. C
9. C
10. D
11. D
12. D
13. C
14. C
15. B
16. B
17. C
18. B
19. C
20. A
21. D
22. A
23. C
24. D
25. C
Mrunal Sir , ab OMR Sheet lekar MCQ’s karne padte hain :D :D
Keep increasing them ! !
i think answer of q 10 should be b.
i m wrong then please correct me..
10 – b final
Mrunal Bhai , Do you have any compilation of Polity current affairs in relation with public policy . important articles in news its interpretations .
Mrunal, Please write article on FSLRC report.
Sir
Could u please elaborate on differences between geo synchronous orbit, sun synchronous orbit in lay man terms?
d d d d a d d c c b d d c c b a c b c a d a a d c
awaiting remaining articles on economic survey
Thnx
1d
2d
3d
4d
5a
6d
7c
8c
9c
10b
11d
12d
13c
14c
15b
16b
17c
18b
19c
20a
21d
22a
23c
24d
25c
5) a? lol :-)
@Mrunal.
Please correct the applications of IRS & INSAT satllites.
You have exchanged their applications in your article.
IRS responsible for crops,minerals, forest & weather etc and whereas INSAT & GSAT are communiation satellites so they look after TV & Telecom signals etc.
Correct me if m wrong. :)
no words…..you are great sir…..
1.d
2.d
3.d
4.d
5.a
6.d
7.b
8.c
9.c
10.b
11.d
12.d
13.c
14.c
15.b
16.a
17.c
18.b
19.c
20.a
21.d
22.a
23.c
24.d
25.c
U r rite neha…
1d
2d
3d
4d
5a
6d
7b
8c
9c
10b
11d
12d
13c
14b
15b
16b
17d
18b
19a
20a
21d
22a
23c
24d
25c
i think fifth is wrong. chk it
17 is c
sir please provide gist of PIB features article important for CSAT PAPER 1 and thank you for your help and motivation
quite comprehensive article as always,,,thanku
d
d
d
d
a
d
b
c
c
c
d
d
c
c
b
a
c
b
c
a
d
a
c
d
c
thnq
1 d
2 d
3 d
4 d
5 a
6 d
7 b
8 c
9 c
10 b
11 d
12 d
13 c
14 c
15 b
16 b
17 c
18 b
19 c
20 a
21 d
22 d
23 c
24 d
25 c
There are two topics which I can remember although these can probably go to general science and tech also.
‘Majorana Fermions’ are fermions which are their own antiparticle and are supposed to help quite a bit in the construction of quantum computers.
Also, about Cosmic rays, it was recently discovered that source of all cosmic rays is supernovae explosions that occurred in the past.
and India Neutrino Observatory that is coming up in Bodi Hills in Tamil Nadu which will study the transition of tau neutrino into electron neutrino (if I remember correctly).
yes a major experiment on WIMP-Weakly Interacting Massive particles (related to dark matter) in Bodhi hill and Jaduguda in Jharkhand is being planned in coming years…
What about Satellites tracking Near Earth Objects – meteors, asteroids etc?
1. c
2. d
3. d
4. d
5. a
6. d
7. b
8. d
9. c
10. b
11. d
12. d
13. c
14. c
15. b
16. b
17. c
18. b
19. c
20. a
21. d
22. c
23. c
24. d
25. a
Can somebody explain me why maximum space vechiles are launched from sriharikota in case of india?
is there any location factor which comes into play? if yes, what is it exactly?
i have heard that space vechiles are best launched from positions near equator… ( is it because of corriolis force which is zero at eqator or what) and if that’s the case, then how does america launch from alaska which is way above equator?
waiting for reply. thanks.
Land in equator is moving(read as rotating) faster than any place on the earth. This gives the satellite added push.
Thumba in kerala is in magnetic equator where dip is zero(dont know what that means) if someone knows what dip means please clarify
At equator effect of gravity z less (comparativly) cuz gravity is inversly proportional to distance… Seconly as earth rotate frm west to east in case of failure it’ll fall in bay of bengal ..no destructn to human life…
It seems absurd that equator is moving faster than others.
Angular velocity of every part of the earth is same i.e., they cover same anglular distance in same time, but their linear velocity differes and it is highest in equator. That means a person on equator travels or revolves more linear distance than the one on poles
Somebody please confirm if i am right
Centrifugal force is maximum at equator and minimum at poles..therefore it is always better to launch thru equator plus coriolis force is 0.therefore turbulence during I initial journey will also reduce.
Due to this reason only the world’s cosmodrome is at French Guyana.
Hope that clears the doubts.
got it bro. But then how does USA launch it’s space vehicle from alaska…?
http://www.spacecentre.no/English/Satellites/Lifespan/Launch_along_the_equator/
Also, angular velocity ( w) = linear velocity / radius. Therefore, linear velocity higher at the equator which gives the necessary push….
But then how does USA launch it’s space vehicle from alaska…?
keen observation buddy..
Actually alaska satellite launching stations like KODIAK LAUNCH COMPLEX. are used for launching low earth orbit satellites whose distance is around 2000 km..also it is launched in easterly direction to use the plus point of more spinning velocity near the poles(alaska is near to pole)
to launch high orbit satellites,Geostaionary orbuit(36000 km apprx) you need to be near the equator.there fore US launches Geo-Satellites from Florida etc.
So point is For launching Geostationary Satellites it is beneficial and economical to launch from equator.
Hope u got it
Thanks mrunal sir!!!
Pls tell me what is difference between geosatellite and polar satellite?
Geostationary orbit satellite:
Satellite in a circular orbit about 36000 km above the equator move in time with
earth. Satellites in this orbit are called geostationary because they are stationary
with respect to the earth and appear to be fixed in sky.
Polar orbit satellite:
Due to the rotation of the Earth, it is possible to combine the advantages of lowaltitude orbits with global coverage, using near-polar orbiting satellites, which
have an orbital plane crossing the poles.
These satellites are launched into orbits at high inclinations to the Earth’s rotation
(at low angles with longitude lines), such that they pass across high latitudes
near the poles.
A=16,20,22
B=5,7,10,15,18
C=8,9,13,14,17,19,23,25
D=1,2,3,4,6,11,12,21,24
MURNAL Correct me if m wrong..
great !!
answers according to me (in order)
d,d,d,d,b,d,b,d,b,b,d,d,c,c,b,a,c,b,c,a,d,a,c,d,c
I request Mrunal sir to update answers for these questions and for articles to follow.
and ya seriously 5) A ???????? O_o airtel???
1. D 2. D 3. D 4. D 5. A 6. D 7. B 8. C 9. C 10. B 11. D 12. D 13. C 14. C 15. B 16. B 17. C 18. B 19. C 20. A 21. D 22. A 23. C 24. D 25. C
Plz plz correct me if any of my answer is incorrect
Awesome article as always.
A minor spelling mistake- in kepler telescope, it should be planets instead of plants.
ac result declared……..
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