1. Prologue
  2. Human Development Report
    1. Five indexes under HDR-2014
    2. Index#1: Human development index (HDI)
      1. Ranking
      2. Tie in Ranking
    3. No ranking in HDR 2014
    4. Index#2: Inequality adjusted HDI
    5. Index#3: Gender Development India (GDI)
    6. Index#4: Gender inequality index
    7. Index#5: Multi-dimensional poverty index
  3. Human Development: 4 culprits & 6 prescriptions
  4. Hyogo Framework for Action
  5. World Humanitarian Summit
  6. Gini Coefficient: income inequality

Prologue

PS: slight correction in part2: Poverty line- Tendular had included food, health, education and clothing in his formula.

Summary of Economic Survey Chapter13: Human development. I had to divide it in total six parts for ease in revision & loading images on mobile internet.

  1. UNDP’s Human Development report 2014 & World Bank’s Gini Co-efficient
  2. Poverty Line: Tendulkar vs Rangarajan, Engel’s Law, MNREGA, Aajeevikaa, Urban Livelihood
  3. Healthcare, women and children, statistics and budget schemes
  4. Demographic Dividend: Education, youth, Skill Development
  5. Minorities, SC, ST, PH, Elderly, Sports & Defense
  6. Rural and urban infrastructure: schemes & budget announcements

Human Development Report

Who publishes this report? UNDP; HQ: NewYork; chief: Helen Clark
Who designed this system?
  • Indian Economist Amartya Sen
  • Paki Economist Mahbub ul Haq
Since When? 1990
Report themes
2013 Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World
2014 Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerability and Building Resilience

Five indexes under HDR-2014

Human developmentrelated (2)
  1. Human development index HDI
  2. inequality adjusted (HDI)
Gender related (2)
  1. Gender Development index
  2. Gender inequality
Poverty related (1)
  1. Multidimensional poverty index
total 5 indexes

Let’s check’em one by one

Index#1: Human development index (HDI)

Human development index components formula

Prakash Jha’s “Gangaajal” should be included in GS4 (Ethics) syllabus

It ranks human development in terms of three basic parameters:

Parameter Quantitative measure (INDEX)
A.to live a long and healthy life A. life expectancy @birth (years)
B.to be educated and knowledgeable
  • B1: Mean years of schooling
  • B2: Expected years of Schooling

From these you get Education index, lets call it “B”
C.to enjoy a decent economic standard of living. C. Per capita gross national income ($$)
then you normalize A, B and C by this formula (which not important for exam) (actual value-min.value)/(max value-min value)
finally HDI is the Geometric Mean of three “normalized” values =cube root of (A x B X C)
  • HDI doesn’t use arithmetic mean (A+B+C)/3, because even large value in one part, hide deficiency in other areas.
  • Example Arithmetic mean (90,0,0)=  30. so overall “good” development, but country has ZERO development on education and income part! Geometric Mean (90,0,0)=0 will disclose this bogusness.

Ranking

Only focusing on best & most bogus; India, its partners & neighbors

Very HIGH  (0.994 onwards) High (0.790 onwards)
  1. Norway
  2. Australia
  3. Switzerland
  4. Netherlands
  5. USA
  • 57. Russia
  • 73. Sri Lanka
  • 79. Brazil
  • 91. China
Medium (0.698 onwards) Lowest (0.540 onwards)
  • 103. Maldives (highest among all Medium)
  • 135. India (HDI=0.586)
  • 136. Bhutan
  • 142. Bangladesh
 In reverse order

  1. Niger (187)
  2. Congo (186)
  3. Central African Republic
  4. Chad
  5. Sierra Leone

India: One rank improvement

report India’s rank source*
2012 134 out of 187 Survey page. 230
2013 136 out of 186 Survey page. 230
2014 135 out of 187 all over Internet

*clarification because one of the article in TimesofIndia says rank unchanged. But rank has improved.

Tie in Ranking

  • Since HDR-2013, they’ve introduced the concept of “tie”.
  • if two countries have same HDI index number upto 3 decimal points, then they’re given same rank.
  • For example, in HDR-2014 report, Austria, Belgium and Luxembourg each has HDI value of 0.881, therefore given same rank#21.
  • But then next rank will be 24 (Iceland). Noone will get rank number 22, 23.
  • Last rank is Niger 187, means total 187 countries have been ranked.

No ranking in HDR 2014

Following are not given any rank
  1. North Korea
  2. Monaco (French border)
  3. San Marino (Italian Peninsula)
  4. Somalia
  5. South Sudan
  1. Marshall Islands (Oceania)
  2. Nauru (Oceania)
  3. Tuvalu (Oceania)

Index#2: Inequality adjusted HDI

  • HDI ranking compares different countries on three parameters: health + education + income.
  • But what about internal inequality within same country.
  • For this, another rank created- inequality adjusted HDI.
  • India Rank same for both HDI and inequality adjusted HDI =135.
  • Then what’s point of calculating? Ans. the “Absolute figure” tells us how much human development lost due to inequality within a country.
India’s performance absolute figure
HDI 0.586
inequality adjusted 0.418
% difference over HDI 29%

In other words, 29% of Human development is lost due to inequality.

loss due to inequality %
Russia and highly advanced economies 12%
India 29%
world 23%

Index#3: Gender Development India (GDI)

  • Calculation Stopped since 2010. But resumed with 2014’s report.
  • Only calculated for 148 countries and not for all those 187 ranked in HDI.
  • Formula = Female HDI/ Male HDI
  • So, the best country, where female and male HDI is same, what will be the answer- 0, 0.5 or 1?
  • Ans.  1. Because numerator and denominator will cancel each other.
  • So, which country got first rank? Norway?  Ans. No, wrong guess.
country G.D.index rank in GDI
Slovakia (Capital Bratislava) 1.000 1
Norway 0.997 5
India 0.828 132 (HDI 135)

Moral of the story: Norway and Kerala won’t get #1 everywhere. so, don’t tick MCQs on guess work and gut feeling.

Index#4: Gender inequality index (GII)

Based on three parameters
Parameter components India
  1. Reproductive health
 MMR 200/lakh
Adolescent birth rate 32/1000
  1. Empowerment
 women in parliament 10.9%
higher education 26.6%
  1. Economic activity
 Labor force participation 28.8%
  • In Gender inequality index: 0= no inequality and 1 = maximum inequality.
  • Only calculated for 157 countries. (NOT all 187)
GII-2014 ranking
Rank Gender Inequality
1 Slovenia Capital Ljubljana (not Slovakia)
2 Switzerland
3 Germany
37-94 China>Rus>Brazil>S.Africa
127 India (Value 0.563)

Index#5: Multi-dimensional poverty index

First we’ve to find two things:

Poverty Incidence Poverty Intensity
has three indicators

  1. health
  2. education
  3. std. of living
 How many indicators does the given household lacks?

Finally, MPI = (incidence x intensity)

All over world total 1.5 billion junta suffering from multi-dimensional poverty.

Country % of junta suffering multidimensional poverty?
Maldives 2
China 6
South Africa 10
Nepal 41
Pakistan 46
Bangladesh 50
India 55

We are done with five indexes. Now some filler topics

India vs BRICS on Human Development report

India sucks everywhere except Life expectancy where Africa sucks due to AIDS

HDI: India vs BRICS Overall world
  • India lowest among all BRICS  except life expectancy (South Africa lowest)
  • S.Africa lowest life expectancy among BRICS due to AIDS
  • Life expectancy: China >…>S. Africa
  • GNI per capita: Russia > Brazil > China > Africa > India
  • Overall gender gap in the world is 8%
  • per capita income of men is double than women
  • Human development slowed down worldwide

Human Development: 4 culprits & 6 prescriptions

HDR-2014 culprits prescription

Fodder for Mains and Essay

Four culprits that slowed Human Development worldwide:

  1. Climate change
  2. Conflict
  3. Social unrest
  4. Economic crisis

SIX prescription to combat those 4 culprits.

  1. Universal basic service: health, education, water supply, sanitation and public safety (policing).
  2. A person is most vulnerable @3 stages in lifecycle. Govt. must protect here
    1. First 1000 days after birth
    2. When he joins coaching classes
    3. When Entering workforce
    4. When leaving workforce (due to retirement or disability)

Otherwise, setback at these three stages can be particularly difficult to overcome and may have prolonged impacts. e.g. malnutrition => low skilled=> less social security @retirement.

UNDP's human Development report-reducing vulnerability

Recall that 2014’s report theme is Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing “VULNERABILITY” and Building Resilience. This chart directly copied from report.

  1. Social protection (80% of world lacks). Lack of social security = people sell their assets, takeout children from school & sent them to child labor.
  2. Full employment (50% world informal jobs). Unemployment = crime, suicides; children education, health also suffers.
  3. Inclusion of women, disabled and minorities in development.
  4. Disaster preparedness. Because natural disasters worsen the existing vulnerabilities, such as poverty, inequality, environmental degradation and weak governance.

India specific prescription in HDI:

  • India needs to spend just four per cent of its GDP to ensure a social security net. This social security net should include NREGA, universal primary health coverage, old age and disabled pensions and child benefits
  • 1999 Odisha cyclone >10,000 dead but 2013 cyclone with same intensity yet less than <50 dead thanks to Disaster preparedness. Meaning improvement possible, all it takes is political and bureaucratic will.

In MCQs, UPSC is unlikely to ask what are the four culprits or six prescriptions. But you can use this structure to frame good essay on human Development, demographic dividend etc.

Anyways, enough of Human Development, let’s move to other topics

Hyogo Framework for Action

Topic important because

  1. mentioned in HDR-2014 report
  2. GS3 has disaster Management topic.
Disaster Management conferences
1994 Yokahoma (Japan): World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction
2005
  • Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015)
  • Hyogo is in Honshu island of Japan.

 

Hyogo framework
Who? United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR)
Theme building resilience of nations and communities to disasters.
Target reduce global disaster risk by 2015
  • 168 countries adopted it
  • It has five priority areas, and steps on how to implement them. MCQ wise not much to ask because 2005’s topic. But lot of fodder for Mains GS3.
  • Right now, I’m not dwelling into it because of space and time limit. You can refer to its two-page summary chart from this link unisdr.org/files/8720_summaryHFP20052015.pdf

World Humanitarian Summit

Basics important, because mentioned in HDR 2014 report

Where Istanbul, Turkey
When 2016. But the consultation process has started two years in advance (i.e. since 2014)
By whom?
  • initiative by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon
  • UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)
purpose Address the humanitarian crisis caused by natural disasters and conflicts.

Beyond that, not much to write because mostly bol-bachchan. you can find it here:

worldhumanitariansummit.org/whs_about

Gini Coefficient: income inequality

  • first draw a graph: (cumulative) households on x-axis and (cumulative) wealth on y-axis
  • If an imaginary country has equal income distribution of wealth, then graph will be a 45 degree line. it can be interpreted as
    • 10% of households own 10% of nation’s wealth
    • 40% of the households own 40% of national wealth and so on.
  • But a real-country’s graph will not show 45 degree graph. instead it’ll look curved line (Lorentz Curve) as in following image:
Gini Coefficient

For India Gini coefficient is ~33% but still we are better than BRICS, US, Swiz; although Japs and Germans have even lesser inequality than India.

The blue curved line (Lorenz curve) can be interpreted as:

  • poorest 30% households own only 2% of nation’s wealth
  • Richest 10% own 90% of national wealth and so on.

Ok but what is Gini coefficient?

  • in the graph, straight line = equal wealth distribution
  • and curved line = real life income inequality.
  • so, Gini coefficient is derived by finding area under “pink(A)” and “Blue(B)”, then formula is

Gini coefficient= (A/A+B)

mugup this table for MCQs
Gini value Interpretation
0 equal wealth distribution
between 0 to 1
  • inequality in wealth distribution
  • For example, India=0.334. (sometimes expressed in percentage form i.e.  33.4%)
  • In this criteria, India has lesser inequality than BRICS, USA and Switzerland.
1 most unequal distribution

Let’s try some direct MCQ from 22nd January 2014’s Thehindu’s Businessline

Q1. Consider following statements

  1. World Bank publishes Gini Coefficient
  2. Gini Coefficient is an internationally accepted measure of income inequality
  3. Higher the Gini Coefficient, lower the inequality

Which of the above statements are correct?

  1. Only 1 and 2
  2. Only 2
  3. Only 2 and 3
  4. Only 1 and 3

Correct Answer: “A” 1 and 2 correct. Third statement wrong because higher gini = higher inequality.

Let’s try one more from the same Hindu article:

Q2. Find incorrect statement about Gini coefficient

  1. In India, income inequality is lower than USA, as per Gini Coefficient.
  2. It’s a purely mathematical measure of inequality within a population.
  3. It’s named after Italian statistician Corrado Gini

Answer choices

  1. Only 1 and 2
  2. Only 2
  3. Only 2 and 3
  4. None

Correct Answer: “D” None. (Because all statements are right.)